ArticleVirulence2013
The micronutrient zinc inhibits EAEC strain 042 adherence, biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and epithelial cytokine responses benefiting the infected host.
Article in Virulence, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Metals in the gut: microbial strategies to overcome nutritional immunity in the intestinal tract.Metallomics : integrated biometal science · 2024Review
- Is Oral Vaccination againstAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Zinc Laurate Protects against Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation Induced by ETEC in a Mice Model.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Marginal Zinc Deficiency Aggravated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation through ETEC Virulence Factors in a Mouse Model of Diarrhea.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Mechanisms of Kwashiorkor-Associated Immune Suppression: Insights From Human, Mouse, and Pig Studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Effect of diet on pathogen performance in the microbiome.Microbiome research reports · 2022Review
- Modeling Enteropathy or Diarrhea with the Top Bacterial and Protozoal Pathogens: Differential Determinants of Outcomes.ACS infectious diseases · 2021Review
- Iron Reshapes the Gut Microbiome and Host Metabolism.Journal of lipid and atherosclerosis · 2021Review
- Zinc: Multidimensional Effects on Living Organisms.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Molecular Characterization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Zinc, Vitamin D and Vitamin C: Perspectives for COVID-19 With a Focus on Physical Tissue Barrier Integrity.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
- Disentangling Microbial Mediators of Malnutrition: Modeling Environmental Enteric Dysfunction.Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology · 2019Review
- Critical Role of Zinc in a New Murine Model of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Diarrhea.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- The Impact of Dietary Transition Metals on Host-Bacterial Interactions.Cell host & microbe · 2018Review
- A novel mouse model of Campylobacter jejuni enteropathy and diarrhea.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Host Defense and Infection.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2017Review
- Article
- Pet serine protease from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli stimulates the inflammatory response activating human macrophages.BMC microbiology · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is a major pathogen worldwide, associated with diarrheal disease in both children and adults, suggesting the need for new preventive and therapeutic treatments. We investigated the role of the micronutrient zinc in the pathogenesis of an E. coli strain associated with human disease. A variety of bacterial characteristics-growth in vitro, biofilm formation, adherence to IEC-6 epithelial cells, gene expression of putative EAEC virulence factors as well as EAEC-induced cytokine expression by HCT-8 cells-were quantified. At concentrations (≤ 0.05 mM) that did not alter EAEC growth (strain 042) but that are physiologic in serum, zinc markedly decreased the organism's ability to form biofilm (P<0.001), adhere to IEC-6 epithelial cells (P<0.01), and express putative EAEC virulence factors (aggR, aap, aatA, virK) (P<0.03). After exposure of the organism to zinc, the effect on virulence factor generation was prolonged (> 3 h). Further, EAEC-induced IL-8 mRNA and protein secretion by HCT-8 epithelial cells were significantly reduced by 0.05 mM zinc (P<0.03). Using an in vivo murine model of diet-induced zinc-deficiency, oral zinc supplementation (0.4 µg/mouse daily) administered after EAEC challenge (10 (10) CFU/mouse) significantly abrogated growth shortfalls (by>90%; P<0.01); furthermore, stool shedding was reduced (days 9-11) but tissue burden of organisms in the intestine was unchanged. These findings suggest several potential mechanisms whereby physiological levels of zinc alter pathogenetic events in the bacterium (reducing biofilm formation, adherence to epithelium, virulence factor expression) as well as the bacterium's effect on the epithelium (cytokine response to exposure to EAEC) to alter EAEC pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. These effects may help explain and extend the benefits of zinc in childhood diarrhea and malnutrition.
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