ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2013
Protein carriers of conjugate vaccines: characteristics, development, and clinical trials.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 134 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
134 citing papers in PubMed, 251 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A randomized, observer-blind, controlled phase III clinical trial assessing safety and immunological non-inferiority of Vi-diphtheria toxoid versus Vi-tetanus toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy volunteers in eastern Nepal.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Differences in Pneumococcal andFrontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- A phase 1 randomized safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity study of Typhax: A novel protein capsular matrix vaccine candidate for the prevention of typhoid fever.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Trial
- IgA and IgG1 Specific to Vi Polysaccharide ofFrontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Development and Protective Evaluation of an O18-CRM197 Glycoconjugate Candidate Preparation Against APEC O18 Challenge in SPF Chickens.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Unlocking the Potency of Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin: Structural Insights, Immunological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Vaccine Responses in Early Age.Vaccines · 2026Review
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- Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Programmable Antigen-Specific Immunity via Self-Adjuvanting Nanovaccines Co-Delivering Immune Modulators.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Future Pneumococcal Vaccines: Shifting from Capsular Polysaccharides to Protein-Based Immunogens.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Simple Fed-Batch Strategy for Production of Capsular Polysaccharide byBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Approaches to assess new pneumococcal vaccines for immunogenicity, development and licensure.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Current Scientific Advances in Vaccines Against UTIs: Challenges and Prospects.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Cholera Toxin B Subunit as a Novel Carrier Protein for Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Broadly reactive monoclonal antibodies against beta-lactamases for immunodetection of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Genetic engineering of E. coli K-12 for heterologous carbohydrate antigen production.Microbial cell factories · 2025Article
74 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immunogenicity of polysaccharides as human vaccines was enhanced by coupling to protein carriers. Conjugation transformed the T cell-independent polysaccharide vaccines of the past to T cell-dependent antigenic vaccines that were much more immunogenic and launched a renaissance in vaccinology. This review discusses the conjugate vaccines for prevention of infections caused by Hemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Specifically, the characteristics of the proteins used in the construction of the vaccines including CRM, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane complex, and Hemophilus influenzae protein D are discussed. The studies that established differences among and key features of conjugate vaccines including immunologic memory induction, reduction of nasopharyngeal colonization and herd immunity, and antibody avidity and avidity maturation are presented. Studies of dose, schedule, response to boosters, of single protein carriers with single and multiple polysaccharides, of multiple protein carriers with multiple polysaccharides and conjugate vaccines administered concurrently with other vaccines are discussed along with undesirable consequences of conjugate vaccines. The clear benefits of conjugate vaccines in improving the protective responses of the immature immune systems of young infants and the senescent immune systems of the elderly have been made clear and opened the way to development of additional vaccines using this technology for future vaccine products.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.