ArticlePloS one2013
Diverse secreted effectors are required for Salmonella persistence in a mouse infection model.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Manipulation of Host Cells byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Re-evaluating what makes a phage unsuitable for therapy.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Review
- Functional Divergence of the ParalogInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Persistent Salmonella infections in humans are associated with mutations in the BarA/SirA regulatory pathway.Cell host & microbe · 2024Article
- Genotypic and phenotypic analysis ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Speaking the host language: howMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2023Review
- The Attenuation Mechanism and Live Vaccine Potential of a Low-VirulenceJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- The NEL Family of Bacterial E3 Ubiquitin Ligases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Reprogramming of Cell Death Pathways by Bacterial Effectors as a Widespread Virulence Strategy.Infection and immunity · 2022Review
- CRISPR/Cas9-Based Deletion of SpvB Gene FromFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- How the PhoP/PhoQ System Controls Virulence and MgMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2021Review
- Article
- The ADP-Ribosylating Toxins ofToxins · 2019Review
- Article
- The Salmonella type III effector SpvC triggers the reverse transmigration of infected cells into the bloodstream.PloS one · 2019Article
- A protein that controls the onset of aThe EMBO journal · 2018Article
- The RNA Complement of Outer Membrane Vesicles FromFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- NleB/SseK effectors fromThe Journal of biological chemistry · 2017Article
- Computational approach to predict species-specific type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors using single and multiple genomes.BMC genomics · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes typhoid-like disease in mice and is a model of typhoid fever in humans. One of the hallmarks of typhoid is persistence, the ability of the bacteria to survive in the host weeks after infection. Virulence factors called effectors facilitate this process by direct transfer to the cytoplasm of infected cells thereby subverting cellular processes. Secretion of effectors to the cell cytoplasm takes place through multiple routes, including two separate type III secretion (T3SS) apparati as well as outer membrane vesicles. The two T3SS are encoded on separate pathogenicity islands, SPI-1 and -2, with SPI-1 more strongly associated with the intestinal phase of infection, and SPI-2 with the systemic phase. Both T3SS are required for persistence, but the effectors required have not been systematically evaluated. In this study, mutations in 48 described effectors were tested for persistence. We replaced each effector with a specific DNA barcode sequence by allelic exchange and co-infected with a wild-type reference to calculate the ratio of wild-type parent to mutant at different times after infection. The competitive index (CI) was determined by quantitative PCR in which primers that correspond to the barcode were used for amplification. Mutations in all but seven effectors reduced persistence demonstrating that most effectors were required. One exception was CigR, a recently discovered effector that is widely conserved throughout enteric bacteria. Deletion of cigR increased lethality, suggesting that it may be an anti-virulence factor. The fact that almost all Salmonella effectors are required for persistence argues against redundant functions. This is different from effector repertoires in other intracellular pathogens such as Legionella.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.