Trial reportBMC public health2013
Implementation of an educational intervention to improve hand washing in primary schools: process evaluation within a randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in BMC public health, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions in reducing illness absence among children in educational settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of disease in childhood · 2016Pooled it
- A clinical trial evaluation of handwashing products and educational resources to improve hand hygiene in paediatric patients and school children.Frontiers in public health · 2024Trial
- A Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post Assessment of Hand Hygiene Practices and Hand Dirtiness Following a School-Based Educational Campaign.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Determinants of handwashing behaviour among primary school teachers in a district of Ghana.Health psychology and behavioral medicine · 2023Article
- Knowledge about Hand Hygiene and Related Infectious Disease Awareness among Primary School Children in Germany.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
- Effectiveness and Efficiency of Persuasive Space Graphics (PSG) in Motivating UK Primary School Children's Hand Hygiene.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Effectiveness of comprehensive hand hygiene module on preschool children in Klang Valley, Malaysia.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2020Article
- Reported handwashing practices of Vietnamese people during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors: a 2020 online survey.AIMS public health · 2020Article
- Article
- Variation in the operationalisation of dose in implementation of health promotion interventions: insights and recommendations from a scoping review.Implementation science : IS · 2019Article
- Studies evaluating of health interventions at schools: an integrative literature review.Revista latino-americana de enfermagem · 2018Review
- Process evaluation of a sport-for-health intervention to prevent smoking amongst primary school children: SmokeFree Sports.BMC public health · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProcess evaluations are useful for understanding how interventions are implemented in trial settings. This is important for interpreting main trial results and indicating how the intervention might function beyond the trial. The purpose of this study was to examine the reach, dose, fidelity, acceptability, and sustainability of the implementation of an educational hand washing intervention in primary schools, and to explore views regarding acceptability and sustainability of the intervention.
methodsProcess evaluation within a cluster randomised controlled trial, including focus groups with pupils aged 6 to 11, semi-structured interviews with teachers and external staff who coordinated the intervention delivery, and school reports and direct observations of the intervention delivery.
resultsThe educational package was delivered in 61.4% of schools (85.2% of intervention schools, 37.8% of control schools following completion of the trial). Teachers and pupils reacted positively to the intervention, although concerns were raised about the age-appropriateness of the resources. Teachers adapted the resources to suit their school setting and pupils. Staff coordinating the intervention delivery had limited capacity to follow up and respond to schools.
conclusionsThe hand washing intervention was acceptable to schools, but its reach outside of a randomised trial, evidenced in the low proportion of schools in the control arm who received it after the trial had ended, suggests that the model of delivery may not be sustainable.
trial registrationISRCTN: ISRCTN93576146.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.