ReviewNucleic acids research2014
To be or not to be: regulation of restriction-modification systems and other toxin-antitoxin systems.
Review in Nucleic acids research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 148 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 236 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Acquisition and erosion of toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial chromosomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Acquisition of a novel restriction modification system regulates genetic flux and gene expression in the hypervirulent and globally disseminated CC17 lineage of group B Streptococcus.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- The plasmid-host fitness landscape: a new paradigm for predicting the fate of mobile resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- A bacterial defense system targeting modified cytosine of phage genomic DNA.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bistability in type I toxin-antitoxin systems may lead to stress-induced persister formation.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2025Article
- Biology of host-dependent restriction-modification in prokaryotes.EcoSal Plus · 2025Review
- Long-read methylome analysis of Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis G20 biofilm under copper stress.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Abundant bacterial nucleoid-associated protein H-NS limits plasmid transfer through mechanical modification of DNA.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- From sequence to activity: the HgaI-homologous restriction modification system RM.MhoVI of Mycoplasma hominis.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Advances in Diversity, Evolutionary Dynamics and Biotechnological Potential of Restriction-Modification Systems.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Host-encoded DNA methyltransferases modify the epigenome and host tropism of invading phages.iScience · 2025Article
- Nonlinear regulatory dynamics of bacterial restriction-modification systems modulates horizontal gene transfer susceptibility.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Engineering a non-oxidative glycolysis pathway in escherichia coli for high-level citramalate production.Microbial cell factories · 2024Article
- Article
- RecA-dependent or independent recombination of plasmid DNA generates a conflict with the host EcoKI immunity by launching restriction alleviation.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Quasispecies productivity.Die Naturwissenschaften · 2024Article
- Expanding the genetic programmability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Deciphering the genomic character of the multidrug-resistantAIMS microbiology · 2024Article
- Regulation of anti-phage defense mechanisms by using cinnamaldehyde as a quorum sensing inhibitor.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular toxin and an antitoxin that neutralizes its effect. These systems, now classified into five types, were initially discovered because some of them allow the stable maintenance of mobile genetic elements in a microbial population through postsegregational killing or the death of cells that have lost these systems. Here, we demonstrate parallels between some TA systems and restriction-modification systems (RM systems). RM systems are composed of a restriction enzyme (toxin) and a modification enzyme (antitoxin) and limit the genetic flux between lineages with different epigenetic identities, as defined by sequence-specific DNA methylation. The similarities between these systems include their postsegregational killing and their effects on global gene expression. Both require the finely regulated expression of a toxin and antitoxin. The antitoxin (modification enzyme) or linked protein may act as a transcriptional regulator. A regulatory antisense RNA recently identified in an RM system can be compared with those RNAs in TA systems. This review is intended to generalize the concept of TA systems in studies of stress responses, programmed death, genetic conflict and epigenetics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.