ArticleThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2013
Promoting use of booster seats in rural areas through community sports programs.
Article in The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Assessment of Caregiver-Targeted Interventions for Use of Motor Vehicle Passenger Safety Systems for Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2019Pooled it
- Multimodal Intervention and Child Passenger Safety Guideline Adherence in Young Children: A Sequential, Multiple-Assignment, Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Pilot Trial of an Emergency Department-based Intervention to Promote Child Passenger Safety Best Practices.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2019Trial
- Parent-Based Intervention to Improve Child Restraint Use Among Kindergarteners in China.American journal of public health · 2018Trial
- Applications of social marketing for implementation science: a scoping review.Implementation science : IS · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of road safety interventions: An evidence and gap map.Campbell systematic reviews · 2024Article
- Assessment of the effectiveness of parent-targeted interventions for the use of child restraint systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational pediatrics · 2022Article
- "Tiny Cargo, Big Deal! Abróchame Bien, Cuídame Bien", an emergency department-based intervention to promote child passenger safety: Protocol for an adaptive randomized trial among caregivers of 6-month through 10-year-old children.Contemporary clinical trials · 2022Article
- "Making It Work": A Preliminary Mixed Methods Study of Rural Trauma Care Access and Resources in New Mexico.Cureus · 2020Article
- Situational Use of Child Restraint Systems and Carpooling Behaviors in Parents and Caregivers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Challenges in the Accurate Surveillance of Booster Seat and Bicycle Helmet Usage by Children: Lessons from the Field.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2016Article
- A smartphone app to communicate child passenger safety: an application of theory to practice.Health education research · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBooster seats reduce mortality and morbidity for young children in car crashes, but use is low, particularly in rural areas. This study targeted rural communities in 4 states using a community sports-based approach.
objectiveThe Strike Out Child Passenger Injury (Strike Out) intervention incorporated education about booster seat use in children ages 4-7 years within instructional baseball programs. We tested the effectiveness of Strike Out in increasing correct restraint use among participating children.
methodsTwenty communities with similar demographics from 4 states participated in a nonrandomized, controlled trial. Surveys of restraint use were conducted before and after baseball season. Intervention communities received tailored education and parents had direct consultation on booster seat use. Control communities received only brochures.
resultsOne thousand fourteen preintervention observation surveys for children ages 4-7 years (Intervention Group [I]: N = 511, Control [C]: N = 503) and 761 postintervention surveys (I: N = 409, C: N = 352) were obtained. For 3 of 4 states, the intervention resulted in increases in recommended child restraint use (Alabama +15.5%, Arkansas +16.1%, Illinois +11.0%). Communities in 1 state (Indiana) did not have a positive response (-9.2%). Overall, unadjusted restraint use increased 10.2% in intervention and 1.7% in control communities (P = .02). After adjustment for each state in the study, booster seat use was increased in intervention communities (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval [1.16-2.10]).
conclusionsA tailored intervention using baseball programs increased appropriate restraint use among targeted rural children overall and in 3 of 4 states studied. Such interventions hold promise for expansion into other sports and populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.