ArticleEuropean journal of immunology2013
Exosomes carrying mycobacterial antigens can protect mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
Article in European journal of immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Role of Paracrine Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Crosstalk With Macrophages in Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Pooled it
- Extracellular vesicles for next-gen therapeutics and drug delivery.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Exosomal non-coding RNAs as emerging drivers of immune dysregulation in melanoma.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Alterations in the Immune Response in Individuals with Latent Tuberculosis Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Macrophage Response to Avirulent and Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Anti-TB Effects of Exosome Treatment.Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Host Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Iron Uptake in Recipient Macrophages duringJournal of proteome research · 2025Article
- Microvesicles Derived from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Regulate Macrophage Activation DuringJournal of proteome research · 2025Article
- Orally administered extracellular vesicles fromFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Proteomic analysis of exosomes fromFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Merocytophagy is an integrin-stabilized macrophage response to microbes reliant on Syk signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Host Long Noncoding RNAs as Key Players in Mycobacteria-Host Interactions.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- The Role of Cardiac Troponin and Other Emerging Biomarkers Among Athletes and Beyond: Underlying Mechanisms, Differential Diagnosis, and Guide for Interpretation.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Unveiling the promise: Exosomes as game-changers in anti-infective therapy.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2024Review
- Roles and application of exosomes in the development, diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2024Review
- Engineered EVs with pathogen proteins: promising vaccine alternatives to LNP-mRNA vaccines.Journal of biomedical science · 2024Review
- Current landscape of exosomes in tuberculosis development, diagnosis, and treatment applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The uncharted territory of host-pathogen interaction in tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), and an estimated 1.5 million individuals die annually from TB. Presently, Mycobacterium bovis BCG remains the only licensed TB vaccine; however, previous studies suggest its protective efficacy wanes over time and fails in preventing pulmonary TB. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine is urgently required to replace BCG or boost BCG immunizations. Our previous studies revealed that mycobacterial proteins are released via exosomes from macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis or pulsed with M. tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins (CFP). In the present study, exosomes purified from macrophages treated with M. tuberculosis CFP were found to induce antigen-specific IFN-γ and IL-2-expressing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. In exosome-vaccinated mice, there was a similar TH1 immune response but a more limited TH2 response compared to BCG-vaccinated mice. Using a low-dose M. tuberculosis mouse aerosol infection model, exosomes from CFP-treated macrophages were found to both prime a protective immune response as well as boost prior BCG immunization. The protection was equal to or superior to BCG. In conclusion, our findings suggest that exosomes might serve as a novel cell-free vaccine against an M. tuberculosis infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.