ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2013
Identification of immunogenic Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi antigens expressed in chronic biliary carriers of S. Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimicrobial agents for the treatment of enteric fever chronic carriage: A systematic review.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Estimating Enteric Fever Seroincidence in Bangladesh Using Rapid Serosurveys.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Estimating enteric fever seroincidence in Bangladesh using rapid serosurveys.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Leveraging paired serology to estimate the incidence of typhoidal Salmonella infection in the STRATAA study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Wastewater surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its association with seroincidence of enteric fever in Vellore, India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Detecting Residual Chronic Salmonella Typhi Carriers on the Road to Typhoid Elimination in Santiago, Chile, 2017-2019.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- The frequency and associated factors of typhoid carriage in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- The Identification of Enteric Fever-Specific Antigens for Population-Based Serosurveillance.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Bacterial shedding and serologic responses following an outbreak of Salmonella Typhi in an endemic cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Comparison of model predictions of typhoid conjugate vaccine public health impact and cost-effectiveness.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Article
- Seroincidence of Enteric Fever, Juba, South Sudan.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Estimating typhoid incidence from community-based serosurveys: a multicohort study.The Lancet. Microbe · 2022Article
- Computational analysis and prediction of PE_PGRS proteins using machine learning.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2022Article
- Performance of Immunodiagnostic Tests for Typhoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Enhanced biofilm and extracellular matrix production by chronic carriage versus acute isolates of Salmonella Typhi.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- PE_PGRS proteins ofVirulence · 2020Review
- Evaluation of Salmonella Typhi antigen YncE alongside HlyE for the detection of typhoid fever and its carriers.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2020Article
- Ascertaining the burden of invasive Salmonella disease in hospitalised febrile children aged under four years in Blantyre, Malawi.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Plasma Immunoglobulin A Responses Against 2 Salmonella Typhi Antigens Identify Patients With Typhoid Fever.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSalmonella enterica serotype Typhi can colonize and persist in the biliary tract of infected individuals, resulting in a state of asymptomatic chronic carriage. Chronic carriers may act as persistent reservoirs of infection within a community and may introduce infection to susceptible individuals and new communities. Little is known about the interaction between the host and pathogen in the biliary tract of chronic carriers, and there is currently no reliable diagnostic assay to identify asymptomatic S. Typhi carriage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsTo study host-pathogen interactions in the biliary tract during S. Typhi carriage, we applied an immunoscreening technique called in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT), to identify potential biomarkers unique to carriers. IVIAT identifies humorally immunogenic bacterial antigens expressed uniquely in the in vivo environment, and we hypothesized that S. Typhi surviving in the biliary tract of humans may express a distinct antigenic profile. Thirteen S. Typhi antigens that were immunoreactive in carriers, but not in healthy individuals from a typhoid endemic area, were identified. The identified antigens included a number of putative membrane proteins, lipoproteins, and hemolysin-related proteins. YncE (STY1479), an uncharacterized protein with an ATP-binding motif, gave prominent responses in our screen. The response to YncE in patients whose biliary tract contained S. Typhi was compared to responses in patients whose biliary tract did not contain S. Typhi, patients with acute typhoid fever, and healthy controls residing in a typhoid endemic area. Seven of 10 (70%) chronic carriers, 0 of 8 bile culture-negative controls (0%), 0 of 8 healthy Bangladeshis (0%), and 1 of 8 (12.5%) Bangladeshis with acute typhoid fever had detectable anti-YncE IgG in blood. IgA responses were also present. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Further evaluation of YncE and other antigens identified by IVIAT could lead to the development of improved diagnostic assays to identify asymptomatic S. Typhi carriers.
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