ArticlePloS one2013
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein variable loops are indispensable for envelope structural integrity and virus entry.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing: Understanding Differences in DNA Repair Pathways, Profiles, and Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Germline-somatic residue synergy reshapes antibody encounter-state pathways to enhance HIV-1 recognition.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Structure-guided engineering of prototype foamy virus Env identifies key residues for heparan sulfate binding and enhances transduction efficiency.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Plant Lectin, MoMo30, Pressures HIV-1 to Select for Variants with Deleted N-Linked Glycosylation Sites.Viruses · 2025Article
- Progress and Recent Developments in HIV Vaccine Research.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Adaptation of a transmitted/founder simian-human immunodeficiency virus for enhanced replication in rhesus macaques.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- The Characteristics of the HIV-1 Env Glycoprotein Are Linked With Viral Pathogenesis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Proline-Rich Hypervariable Region of Hepatitis E Virus: Arranging the Disorder.Microorganisms · 2020Article
- Article
- HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Amino Acids Signatures Associated with Clade B Transmitted/Founder and Recent Viruses.Viruses · 2019Article
- Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)-Mediating Antibodies Constrain Neutralizing Antibody Escape Pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Structural Insights from HIV-Antibody Coevolution and Related Immunization Studies.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2018Review
- Computational study of HIV gp120 as a target for polyanionic entry inhibitors: Exploiting the V3 loop region.PloS one · 2018Article
- Accurate predictions of population-level changes in sequence and structural properties of HIV-1 Env using a volatility-controlled diffusion model.PLoS biology · 2017Article
- In silico comparison of Iranian HIV -1 envelop glycoprotein with five nearby countries.Molecular biology research communications · 2016Article
- The V1 region of gp120 is preferentially selected during SIV/HIV transmission and is indispensable for envelope function and virus infection.Virologica Sinica · 2016Article
- The V4 and V5 Variable Loops of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Are Tolerant to Insertion of Green Fluorescent Protein and Are Useful Targets for Labeling.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2015Article
- The HIV-1 gp120 CD4-bound conformation is preferentially targeted by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating antibodies in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.Journal of virology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein is a trimer of heterodimer of gp120 and gp41, and derives from a trimeric glycoprotein precursor, gp160. Gp120 contains five conserved regions that are interspersed with 5 variable loop regions (V1-V5). Env variations in variable loop length and amino acid composition may associate with virus pathogenesis, virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and disease progression. To investigate the role of each variable loop in Env function, we generated a panel of JRFL gp160 loop deletion mutants and examined the effects of each loop deletion on Env expression, Env cell surface display and Env-mediated virus entry into permissive cells. We found that deletion of V1 and V2 (ΔV1V2), or loop D (ΔlpD) abolished virus entry, the same effect as deletion of V3 (ΔV3), while deletion of V3 crown (ΔV3C) significantly enhanced virus assembly and entry. We further found that deletion of V4 (ΔV4) or V5 (ΔV5), or replacement of V4 or V5 with flexible linkers of the same lengths knocked out the receptor and coreceptor binding sites in gp120, but significantly enhanced the exposure of the N-trimer structure and the membrane proximal external region (MPER) in gp41. Although deletion of V4 or V5 did not affect Env expression, they negatively affected Env cell surface display, leading to the failure in virus assembly and subsequent entry. Taken together, we found that Env variable loops were indispensable for Env structural integrity and virus entry. Our findings may have implications for development of HIV-1 vaccine immunogens and therapeutics.
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