ArticlePloS one2013
Risk factors of fecal toxigenic or non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile colonization: impact of Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and prior antibiotic exposure.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Colonization with toxinogenic C. difficile upon hospital admission, and risk of infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2015Pooled it
- Trial
- Heterogeneity of Clostridioides difficile asymptomatic colonization prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Gut pathogens · 2025Article
- Influence of Antibiotic Exposure Intensity on the Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Article
- Effect of Doxycycline in Decreasing the Severity ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Case against Antibiotics and for Anti-Virulence Therapeutics.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Characteristics of patients infected with Clostridioides difficile at a Saudi Tertiary Academic Medical Center and assessment of antibiotic duration.Gut pathogens · 2021Article
- Colonisation Factor CD0873, an Attractive Oral Vaccine Candidate againstMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- The Role of Toll-Like Receptor-2 inFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Evaluation of the Cost-effectiveness of Infection Control Strategies to Reduce Hospital-Onset Clostridioides difficile Infection.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- The xenobiotic sensing pregnane X receptor regulates tissue damage and inflammation triggered by C difficile toxins.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2020Article
- Clostridium difficile infection: review.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2019Review
- TLR4 and MMP2 polymorphisms and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors in susceptibility to aortic aneurysmal diseases.Bioscience reports · 2019Article
- Evidence of transmission of Clostridium difficile in asymptomatic patients following admission screening in a tertiary care hospital.PloS one · 2019Article
- Interventions to Reduce the Incidence of Hospital-Onset Clostridium difficile Infection: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach to Evaluate Clinical Effectiveness in Adult Acute Care Hospitals.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Article
- Understanding Clostridium difficile Colonization.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2018Review
- Nationwide surveillance of ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of toxigenicInfection and drug resistance · 2018Article
- The ATP-P2XFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2018Article
- Asymptomatic and yet C. difficile-toxin positive? Prevalence and risk factors of carriers of toxigenic Clostridium difficile among geriatric in-patients.BMC geriatrics · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study is to investigate the significance and risk factors of fecal toxigenic (tCdC) or non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile colonization (ntCdC) among hospitalized patients.
methodsAdults admitted to medical wards in a district hospital between January 2011 and June 2012 were enrolled, and those with a history of colectomy, C. difficile fecal colonization or infection or receipt of either metronidazole or oral vancomycin within 3 months, were excluded. Stools collected within 48 hours after admission and every week during hospitalization were cultured for C. difficile.
findingsAmong the 441 enrolled patients, 84 (20.0%) had CdC at initial screening, including 58 (13.2%) with tCdC and 26 (6.8%) with ntCdC. Among patients with initial negative fecal screening for CdC, it took an average of 70.6 days or 66.5 days to develop tCdC or ntCdC during the study period. Finally 78 (17.7%) had tCdC and 34 (7.7%) had ntCdC. During the follow-up period, the patients with tCdC had a higher risk of CDAD (11/79, 14.1%) than those without CdC (3/328, 0.9%) and those with ntCdC (0/34, 0%) (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism (GG genotype) (odds ratio [OR] 4.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-11.8, P = 0.003) and recent cefepime therapy (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.1-13.2, P<0.001) were independently associated with tCdC, whereas recent cefuroxime (OR 11.7, 95% CI 2.3-60.2, P = 0.003) and glycopeptide therapy (OR 10.9, CI: 2.1-57.2, P = 0.005) associated with ntCdC.
conclusionThe incidence of CDAD is highest in patients with tCdC and lowest in patients with ntCdC, and the TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism GG genotype and recent cefepime therapy were independently associated with tCdC.
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