Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23935815›Full record

ArticlePloS one2013

The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysis.

Gitanjali M Singh, Goodarz Danaei, Farshad Farzadfar, Gretchen A Stevens, Mark Woodward, David Wormser, Stephen Kaptoge, Gary Whitlock, Qing Qiao, Sarah Lewington and 10 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07050407 (Impact of Deferred Clinic Visits on Patients With Cardiovascular Comorbidities), which is not on this map. Cited by 407 papers, 16 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
407citing papers in PubMed, 16 pooled it
15.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07050407 completednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Impact of Deferred Clinic Visits on Patients With Cardiovascular Comorbidities: A Prospective Cohort Study

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorChinese University of Hong KongRan2020 to 2024Enrolled458ConditionsCardiovascular Risk Factor
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

407 citing papers in PubMed, 16 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 766 citations in OpenAlex.

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  11. Effect of aerobic exercise on waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2022
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  19. The Effect of theNutrients · 2024
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347 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 12 institutions in 7 countries.

Gitanjali M SinghDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Goodarz Danaei
Farshad Farzadfar
Gretchen A Stevens
Mark Woodward
David Wormser
Stephen Kaptoge
Gary Whitlock
Qing Qiao
Sarah Lewington
Emanuele Di Angelantonio
Stephen Vander Hoorn
Carlene M M Lawes
Mohammed K Ali
Dariush Mozaffarian
Majid Ezzati
Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group; Asia-Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration (APCSC)
Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis of Diagnostic criteria in Europe (DECODE)
Emerging Risk Factor Collaboration (ERFC)
Prospective Studies Collaboration (PSC)
University of Cambridge · GBHarvard University · USUniversity of Oxford · GBEmory University · USHarvard Global Health Institute · USMedical Research Council · GBTehran University of Medical Sciences · IRUniversity of Auckland · NZUniversity of Helsinki · FIUniversity of Melbourne · AUUniversity of Sydney · AUWorld Health Organization · CH

Funding

Pulmonary Toxicology Facility CoreP30ES005605 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF IOWA · PI Brandi Janssen · 1990 to 2026
$40.5M
TRAINING GRANT IN ACADEMIC NUTRITIONT32DK007703 · NIDDK · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI CHRISTOPHER P DUGGAN, Frank B Hu · 1994 to 2026
$7.8M
British Heart Foundation RG/07/008/23674British Heart Foundation RG/08/013/25942British Heart Foundation RG/08/014/24067Medical Research Council G0100222Medical Research Council G0401527Medical Research Council G0902037Medical Research Council G1000143Medical Research Council G1000616Medical Research Council G19/35Medical Research Council G8802774Medical Research Council MC_U137686857Medical Research Council MR/K005901/1Medical Research Council MR/L003120/1NIDDK NIH HHS DK007703NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007703NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES005605
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe effects of systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum total cholesterol (TC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and body mass index (BMI) on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been established in epidemiological studies, but consistent estimates of effect sizes by age and sex are not available.

methodsWe reviewed large cohort pooling projects, evaluating effects of baseline or usual exposure to metabolic risks on ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertensive heart disease (HHD), stroke, diabetes, and, as relevant selected other CVDs, after adjusting for important confounders. We pooled all data to estimate relative risks (RRs) for each risk factor and examined effect modification by age or other factors, using random effects models.

resultsAcross all risk factors, an average of 123 cohorts provided data on 1.4 million individuals and 52,000 CVD events. Each metabolic risk factor was robustly related to CVD. At the baseline age of 55-64 years, the RR for 10 mmHg higher SBP was largest for HHD (2.16; 95% CI 2.09-2.24), followed by effects on both stroke subtypes (1.66; 1.39-1.98 for hemorrhagic stroke and 1.63; 1.57-1.69 for ischemic stroke). In the same age group, RRs for 1 mmol/L higher TC were 1.44 (1.29-1.61) for IHD and 1.20 (1.15-1.25) for ischemic stroke. The RRs for 5 kg/m(2) higher BMI for ages 55-64 ranged from 2.32 (2.04-2.63) for diabetes, to 1.44 (1.40-1.48) for IHD. For 1 mmol/L higher FPG, RRs in this age group were 1.18 (1.08-1.29) for IHD and 1.14 (1.01-1.29) for total stroke. For all risk factors, proportional effects declined with age, were generally consistent by sex, and differed by region in only a few age groups for certain risk factor-disease pairs.

conclusionOur results provide robust, comparable and precise estimates of the effects of major metabolic risk factors on CVD and diabetes by age group.

Indexed as

RiskAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge FactorsBlood GlucoseBlood PressureBody Mass IndexCardiovascular DiseasesCholesterolDiabetes MellitusFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPatient Outcome AssessmentBlood GlucoseCholesterol

Identifiers

PMID23935815
PMCPMC3728292
OpenAlexW2122520859

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.