ReviewMetabolism: clinical and experimental2013
Maladaptive immune and inflammatory pathways lead to cardiovascular insulin resistance.
Review in Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 234 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Impact of DPP-4 Inhibitors on Interleukin Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers: A Panel for Early Detection, Management, and Risk Stratification in the West Virginian Population.International journal of medical sciences · 2016Pooled it
- Effect of Febuxostat, a Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor, on Cardiovascular Risk in Hyperuricemic Patients with Hypertension: A Prospective, Open-label, Pilot Study.Clinical drug investigation · 2015Trial
- Lipidomic evidence that lowering the typical dietary palmitate to oleate ratio in humans decreases the leukocyte production of proinflammatory cytokines and muscle expression of redox-sensitive genes.The Journal of nutritional biochemistry · 2015Trial
- Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- Atherogenic index of plasma and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: combined effects on stroke risk in a middle-aged and elderly non-diabetic cohort.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Association of the atherogenic index of plasma and its integrative novel adiposity-based composites with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: novel adiposity-derived AIP indices provide modest incremental prognostic information.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Cumulative visceral fat burden and progression to advanced cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome in Chinese middle-aged and older adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Study of the prognostic value of the systemic immune-inflammation index combined with the triglyceride-glucose index in coronary heart disease: a retrospective study based on the MIMIC database.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Review
- Triglyceride-glucose index and its derivatives as emerging biomarkers of insulin resistance for prognostic evaluation of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: mechanisms and clinical applications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Pulse pressure mediation and hypertension modulation: the impact of TyG index on renal function deterioration in CKD patients under the CKM syndrome framework.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Relationship Between Cumulative Exposure of Lactate Dehydrogenase Concentrations and Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events in Hypertensive Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study from Northwest China.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- The triglyceride-glucose index and acute kidney injury risk in critically ill patients with coronary artery disease.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is associated with increased mortality in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Target trial emulation of DPP-4 Inhibitors in patients with T2DM for pulmonary tuberculosis: a nationwide observational data.BMC medicine · 2025Observational
- The C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index (CTI) as a predictor of mortality and hospital stay in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Functional Complexity of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue: From Thermogenesis to Metabolic and Fibroinflammatory Crosstalk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Insulin resistance assessed by estimated glucose disposal rate predicts cardiovascular disease in stages 0-3 of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a UK biobank cohort study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a hallmark of obesity, the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The progression of insulin resistance increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The significance of insulin resistance is underscored by the alarming rise in the prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities in the Unites States and worldwide over the last 40-50 years. The incidence of obesity is also on the rise in adolescents. Furthermore, premenopausal women have lower CVD risk compared to men, but this protection is lost in the setting of obesity and insulin resistance. Although systemic and cardiovascular insulin resistance is associated with impaired insulin metabolic signaling and cardiovascular dysfunction, the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance and cardiovascular dysfunction remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that insulin resistance in obesity and diabetes is linked to a metabolic inflammatory response, a state of systemic and tissue specific chronic low grade inflammation. Evidence is also emerging that there is polarization of macrophages and lymphocytes towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype that contributes to progression of insulin resistance in obesity, cardiorenal metabolic syndrome and diabetes. In this review, we provide new insights into factors, such as, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic activation and incretin modulators (e.g., DPP-4) and immune responses that mediate this inflammatory state in obesity and other conditions characterized by insulin resistance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.