ArticlePloS one2013
Gene duplication and fragment recombination drive functional diversification of a superfamily of cytoplasmic effectors in Phytophthora sojae.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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24 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- A structurally unique effector shared between vascular wilt fungi drives cotton and olive defoliation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- AACRNL evolved from virulence factor to epigenetic parasite driving genome expansion in free-living eukaryotes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean-Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A Phytophthora sojae CRN effector mediates phosphorylation and degradation of plant aquaporin proteins to suppress host immune signaling.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Characterization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod PathogenG3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Article
- Organize, Don't Agonize: Strategic Success ofMicroorganisms · 2020Review
- PpCRN7 and PpCRN20 of Phythophthora parasitica regulate plant cell death leading to enhancement of host susceptibility.BMC plant biology · 2019Article
- Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs.Plant signaling & behavior · 2019Article
- Random mutagenesis screen shows that Phytophthora capsici CRN83_152-mediated cell death is not required for its virulence function(s).Molecular plant pathology · 2018Article
- Genomics analysis of Aphanomyces spp. identifies a new class of oomycete effector associated with host adaptation.BMC biology · 2018Article
- Functional Analysis of PsAvr3c Effector Family FromFrontiers in plant science · 2018Article
- RiCRN1, a Crinkler Effector From the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal FungusFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
- A Perspective on CRN Proteins in the Genomics Age: Evolution, Classification, Delivery and Function Revisited.Frontiers in plant science · 2017Review
- A Phytophthora sojae effector PsCRN63 forms homo-/hetero-dimers to suppress plant immunity via an inverted association manner.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Transposons to toxins: the provenance, architecture and diversification of a widespread class of eukaryotic effectors.Nucleic acids research · 2016Article
- Comparative Genomic Analysis among Four Representative Isolates ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2016Article
- An Oomycete CRN Effector Reprograms Expression of Plant HSP Genes by Targeting their Promoters.PLoS pathogens · 2015Article
- A Phytophthora sojae cytoplasmic effector mediates disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance in Nicotiana benthamiana.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- Two cytoplasmic effectors of Phytophthora sojae regulate plant cell death via interactions with plant catalases.Plant physiology · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phytophthora and other oomycetes secrete a large number of putative host cytoplasmic effectors with conserved FLAK motifs following signal peptides, termed crinkling and necrosis inducing proteins (CRN), or Crinkler. Here, we first investigated the evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of CRN effectors in Phytophthora sojae and compared them to two other Phytophthora species. The genes encoding CRN effectors could be divided into 45 orthologous gene groups (OGG), and most OGGs unequally distributed in the three species, in which each underwent large number of gene gains or losses, indicating that the CRN genes expanded after species evolution in Phytophthora and evolved through pathoadaptation. The 134 expanded genes in P. sojae encoded family proteins including 82 functional genes and expressed at higher levels while the other 68 genes encoding orphan proteins were less expressed and contained 50 pseudogenes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that most expanded genes underwent gene duplication or/and fragment recombination. Three different mechanisms that drove gene duplication or recombination were identified. Finally, the expanded CRN effectors exhibited varying pathogenic functions, including induction of programmed cell death (PCD) and suppression of PCD through PAMP-triggered immunity or/and effector-triggered immunity. Overall, these results suggest that gene duplication and fragment recombination may be two mechanisms that drive the expansion and neofunctionalization of the CRN family in P. sojae, which aids in understanding the roles of CRN effectors within each oomycete pathogen.
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