ArticlePloS one2013
Clostridium difficile modulates host innate immunity via toxin-independent and dependent mechanism(s).
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Balancing act of cytokines in controlling the severity ofInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Phase variable colony morphotypes ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Proinflammatory Responses in Macrophages.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Phase variable colony morphotypes ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The interplay between host immunity andmBio · 2025Review
- Article
- Purified CDT toxins and a clean deletion within the CDT locus provide novel insights into the contribution of binary toxin in cellular inflammation and Clostridioides difficile infection.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Exploring the Toxin-Mediated Mechanisms inMicroorganisms · 2024Review
- Host Immune Responses toTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Review
- Mucosal Vaccination Strategies againstVaccines · 2023Review
- The effect of differentHeliyon · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Loss of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Signaling Promotes IL-22-Dependent Host Defenses against Acute Clostridioides difficile Infection.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- P2RX7 at the Host-Pathogen Interface of Infectious Diseases.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2021Review
- Host Immune Responses toFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Review
- Considering the Immune System during Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile Infection.Trends in molecular medicine · 2020Review
- The pyrin inflammasome in host-microbe interactions.Current opinion in microbiology · 2020Review
- The Inflammasome and Type-2 Immunity inClinics in colon and rectal surgery · 2020Review
- Infection WithFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of hospital and community-acquired antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and currently represents a significant health burden. Although the role and contribution of C. difficile toxins to disease pathogenesis is being increasingly understood, at present other facets of C. difficile-host interactions, in particular, bacterial-driven effects on host immunity remain less studied. Using an ex-vivo model of infection, we report that the human gastrointestinal mucosa elicits a rapid and significant cytokine response to C. difficile. Marked increase in IFN-γ with modest increase in IL-22 and IL-17A was noted. Significant increase in IL-8 suggested potential for neutrophil influx while presence of IL-12, IL-23, IL-1β and IL-6 was indicative of a cytokine milieu that may modulate subsequent T cell immunity. Majority of C. difficile-driven effects on murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) activation were toxin-independent; the toxins were however responsible for BMDC inflammasome activation. In contrast, human monocyte-derived DCs (mDCs) released IL-1β even in the absence of toxins suggesting host-specific mediation. Infected DC-T cell crosstalk revealed the ability of R20291 and 630 WT strains to elicit a differential DC IL-12 family cytokine milieu which culminated in significantly greater Th1 immunity in response to R20291. Interestingly, both strains induced a similar Th17 response. Elicitation of mucosal IFN-γ/IL-17A and Th1/Th17 immunity to C. difficile indicates a central role for this dual cytokine axis in establishing antimicrobial immunity to CDI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.