ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Unique insights into the intestinal absorption, transit, and subsequent biodistribution of polymer-derived microspheres.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
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- Unveiling the toxicity of micro-nanoplastics: A systematic exploration of understanding environmental and health implications.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Long-Term Antioxidant Metal-Organic Frameworks.ACS omega · 2024Article
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- Stereocomplexed microparticles loaded with Salvia cadmica Boiss. extracts for enhancement of immune response towards Helicobacter pylori.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Toward "CO in a Pill": Silica-Immobilized Organic CO Prodrugs for Studying the Feasibility of Systemic Delivery of CO viaMolecular pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Plastic, microplastic, and the inconsistency of human thought.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Deeply in Plasticenta: Presence of Microplastics in the Intracellular Compartment of Human Placentas.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Understanding the Phagocytosis of Particles: the Key for Rational Design of Vaccines and Therapeutics.Pharmaceutical research · 2022Review
- Biocoating-A Critical Step Governing the Oral Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2022Article
- Chronic Pain and the Endocannabinoid System: Smart Lipids - A Novel Therapeutic Option?Medical cannabis and cannabinoids · 2022Review
- Nanoplastic Impact on the Gut-Brain Axis: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Oral delivery of metformin by chitosan nanoparticles for polycystic kidney disease.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2021Article
- Article
- Formulation technologies for oral vaccines.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2019Review
- Single Step Double-walled Nanoencapsulation (SSDN).Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2018Article
- Nanoparticles for oral delivery: Design, evaluation and state-of-the-art.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2016Review
- Developments in Methods for Measuring the Intestinal Absorption of Nanoparticle-Bound Drugs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Polymeric microspheres (MSs) have received attention for their potential to improve the delivery of drugs with poor oral bioavailability. Although MSs can be absorbed into the absorptive epithelium of the small intestine, little is known about the physiologic mechanisms that are responsible for their cellular trafficking. In these experiments, nonbiodegradable polystyrene MSs (diameter range: 500 nm to 5 µm) were delivered locally to the jejunum or ileum or by oral administration to young male rats. Following administration, MSs were taken up rapidly (≤ 5 min) by the small intestine and were detected by transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Gel permeation chromatography confirmed that polymer was present in all tissue samples, including the brain. These results confirm that MSs (diameter range: 500 nm to 5 µm) were absorbed by the small intestine and distributed throughout the rat. After delivering MSs to the jejunum or ileum, high concentrations of polystyrene were detected in the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The pharmacologic inhibitors chlorpromazine, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and cytochalasin D caused a reduction in the total number of MSs absorbed in the jejunum and ileum, demonstrating that nonphagocytic processes (including endocytosis) direct the uptake of MSs in the small intestine. These results challenge the convention that phagocytic cells such as the microfold cells solely facilitate MS absorption in the small intestine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.