ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2013
The speed of cocaine delivery determines the subsequent motivation to self-administer the drug.
Article in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain connectivity changes to fast versus slow dopamine increases.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Impact of delivery rate on the acute response to intravenous nicotine: A human laboratory study with implications for regulatory science.Addiction biology · 2022Trial
- Drug Self-Administration, Drug-Specific Behaviors, and Neurobehavioral Deep Learning Analyses.Addiction neuroscience · 2025Article
- Neural circuit selective for fast but not slow dopamine increases in drug reward.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Intermittent access training produces greater motivation for a non-drug reinforcer than long access training.Learning & behavior · 2022Article
- The Critical Role of Peripheral Targets in Triggering Rapid Neural Effects of Intravenous Cocaine.Neuroscience · 2020Review
- Varying the rate of intravenous cocaine infusion influences the temporal dynamics of both drug and dopamine concentrations in the striatum.The European journal of neuroscience · 2019Article
- Intermittent intake of rapid cocaine injections promotes the risk of relapse and increases mesocorticolimbic BDNF levels during abstinence.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Article
- High and escalating levels of cocaine intake are dissociable from subsequent incentive motivation for the drug in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2018Article
- Individual differences in timing of peak positive subjective responses to d-amphetamine: Relationship to pharmacokinetics and physiology.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2016Article
- Blood-brain and retinal barriers show dissimilar ABC transporter impacts and concealed effect of P-glycoprotein on a novel verapamil influx carrier.British journal of pharmacology · 2016Article
- Carrier-mediated cocaine transport at the blood-brain barrier as a putative mechanism in addiction liability.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2014Article
- The self-administration of rapidly delivered cocaine promotes increased motivation to take the drug: contributions of prior levels of operant responding and cocaine intake.Psychopharmacology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The rapid delivery of drugs of abuse to the brain is associated with an increased likelihood and severity of addiction. Here we evaluated the hypothesis that rapidly delivered cocaine facilitates the addiction process by promoting the development of enhanced motivation for the drug. Rats lever-pressed for cocaine delivered intravenously over 5 or 90 s under fixed ratio (FR) during 6-h sessions. The motivation for cocaine was subsequently assessed using a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, where each successive drug injection cost an exponentially greater number of lever presses, until the cessation of responding. Throughout all self-administration sessions, all rats could only take one injection every 90 s. The 5-s groups self-administered more drug than the 90-s groups across the FR sessions. Under PR, animals that had chronically self-administered rapidly delivered cocaine took more cocaine across a range of doses and regardless of whether the drug was delivered over 5 or 90 s during PR testing. The speed of delivery also determined the long-term neurobiological impact of cocaine. Fourteen days following cocaine withdrawal, caudate-putamen D2 levels were decreased only in the 90-s rats, and quinpirole-mediated Gα(i/o)-protein activation was increased to a greater extent in the 90- vs 5-s rats. Thus, rapid delivery promotes the pursuit of cocaine in the face of rising costs and alters cocaine-induced changes in striatal D2 receptor number and function. As such, rapidly delivered cocaine might facilitate addiction because it more readily alters brain motivation circuits in ways that contribute to the compulsive pursuit of the drug.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.