ArticleViruses2013
Avian influenza: mixed infections and missing viruses.
Article in Viruses, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Long-Term Monitoring of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Waterfowl: Evidence from the Lake Baikal Basin (2018-2024).Viruses · 2026Article
- Molecular Characterization of Non-H5 and Non-H7 Avian Influenza Viruses from Non-Mallard Migratory Waterbirds of the North American Flyways, 2006-2011.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- The difference of detection rate of avian influenza virus in the wild bird surveillance using various methods.Journal of veterinary science · 2019Article
- Improved detection of influenza A virus from blue-winged teals by sequencing directly from swab material.Ecology and evolution · 2019Article
- Article
- The Cloacal Microbiome of Five Wild Duck Species Varies by Species and Influenza A Virus Infection Status.mSphere · 2018Article
- Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds: Virus Evolution in a Multihost Ecosystem.Journal of virology · 2018Article
- Serological and virological surveillance of avian influenza virus in domestic ducks of the north-east region of Bangladesh.BMC veterinary research · 2017Article
- Article
- Prevalence of influenza A virus in live-captured North Atlantic gray seals: a possible wild reservoir.Emerging microbes & infections · 2016Article
- Capture and characterization of influenza A virus from primary samples using glycan bead arrays.Virology · 2016Article
- Subtype-specific influenza A virus antibodies in Canada geese (Branta canadensis).Veterinary microbiology · 2015Article
- Local-scale diversity and between-year "frozen evolution" of avian influenza A viruses in nature.PloS one · 2014Article
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A high prevalence and diversity of avian influenza (AI) viruses were detected in a population of wild mallards sampled during summer 2011 in California, providing an opportunity to compare results obtained before and after virus culture. We tested cloacal swab samples prior to culture by matrix real-time PCR, and by amplifying and sequencing a 640bp portion of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Each sample was also inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs, and full genome sequences were determined for cultured viruses. While low matrix Ct values were a good predictor of virus isolation from eggs, samples with high or undetectable Ct values also yielded isolates. Furthermore, a single passage in eggs altered the occurrence and detection of viral strains, and mixed infections (different HA subtypes) were detected less frequently after culture. There is no gold standard or perfect reference comparison for surveillance of unknown viruses, and true negatives are difficult to distinguish from false negatives. This study showed that sequencing samples prior to culture increases the detection of mixed infections and enhances the identification of viral strains and sequences that may have changed or even disappeared during culture.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.