ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2013
Ultrasound-enhanced penetration of topical riboflavin into the corneal stroma.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery to the eye and critical insights to facilitate a timely path to the clinic.Theranostics · 2023Pooled it
- Microbubble-assisted pLIFU enhances riboflavin delivery and corneal cross-linking in an in vivo rabbit keratoconus-like model.Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2026Article
- Transepithelial corneal cross-linking: a review.International ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Synergistic strategy of riboflavin and lipoids to bioengineer resin dentin hybrid layer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Low-intensity low-frequency ultrasound mediates riboflavin delivery during corneal crosslinking.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Article
- Norepinephrine as an Enhancer Promoting Corneal Penetration of Riboflavin for Transepithelial Corneal Crosslinking.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Article
- Therapeutic Ultrasound for Topical Corneal Delivery of Macromolecules.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Article
- Feasibility of Therapeutic Ultrasound Application in Topical Scleral Delivery of Avastin.Translational vision science & technology · 2021Article
- Recent Advances in Photodynamic Therapy against Fungal Keratitis.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Corneal Cross-Linking: The Evolution of Treatment for Corneal Diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
- The Effect of Sodium Iodide on Stromal Loading, Distribution and Degradation of Riboflavin in a Rabbit Model of Transepithelial Corneal Crosslinking.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Therapeutic Systems and Technologies: State-of-the-Art Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges.IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering · 2020Review
- Ultrasound-assisted gatifloxacin delivery in mouse cornea, in vivo.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Current perspectives on corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL).Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2018Review
- 880 kHz ultrasound treatment for drug delivery to the vitreous humor.American journal of translational research · 2018Article
- Confocal microscopy evaluation of stromal fluorescence intensity after standard and accelerated iontophoresis-assisted corneal cross-linking.International ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Analysis of the effective dose of ultraviolet light in corneal cross-linking.International journal of ophthalmology · 2016Article
- Thermal safety of ultrasound-enhanced ocular drug delivery: A modeling study.Medical physics · 2015Article
- Corneal collagen cross-linking: a review.Journal of optometryReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo determine whether ultrasound treatment can promote the permeation of topical riboflavin into the corneal stroma.
methodsFresh cadaveric rabbit eyes with intact epithelium were left for 45 minutes in riboflavin 0.1% solution and divided in the following groups: A--untreated, epithelium-on; B--ultrasound-treated (1 W/cm(2) at 880 kHz for 6 minutes) with epithelium-on; and C--epithelium-off (no ultrasound). Eyes were removed from the riboflavin solution, corneas were excised, and group B was divided into B1 (with epithelium maintained) and B2 (epithelium removed for the fluorescence analysis). Confocal microscopy was performed to quantify the fluorescence intensity in the cornea according to the distance from the surface (with epithelium in groups A and B1; without epithelium in groups B2 and C).
resultsThe average fluorescence intensity of riboflavin at a depth of 100, 150, 200, and 250 μm was 69.97, 58.83, 49.23, and 41.72 arbitrary units (A.U.) in group A, respectively; 255.26, 206.01, 159.81, 124.20 A.U. in group B1; 218.90, 177.90, 141.43, 110.45 A.U. in group B2; and 677.64, 420.10, 250.72 and 145.07 A.U. in group C. The difference in fluorescence was statistically significant between groups A and B1 (P = 0.001) and groups B2 and C (P < 0.0001).
conclusionsUltrasound treatment increased the entry of topical riboflavin into the corneal stroma despite the presence of a previously intact epithelial barrier. This approach may offer a means of achieving clinically useful concentrations of riboflavin within the cornea with minimum epithelial damage, thereby improving the risk profile of corneal cross-linking procedures.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.