ArticleInfection and immunity2013
Characterization of botulinum neurotoxin A subtypes 1 through 5 by investigation of activities in mice, in neuronal cell cultures, and in vitro.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guideline
- Developing Botulinum Toxin Drugs: Unexpected Challenges.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Proteolytic Activities and Immunological Effects of Light Chains of Botulinum Neurotoxin A1, A2 and A3 Subtypes.Toxins · 2025Article
- Nontoxic, multi-domain botulinum neurotoxin-LCHCVaccine · 2025Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxins: History, Mechanism, and Applications. A Narrative Review.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Cryo-EM structure of the botulinum neurotoxin A/SV2B complex and its implications for translocation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Review
- A DARPin promotes faster onset of botulinum neurotoxin A1 action.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines.Toxins · 2023Review
- Botulinum Neurotoxin A4 Has a 1000-Fold Reduced Potency Due to Three Single Amino Acid Alterations in the Protein Receptor Binding Domain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Structural Analysis ofToxins · 2023Review
- How Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A1 Maintains Stable Association with the Intracellular Neuronal Plasma Membrane.Toxins · 2022Article
- Genomic Diversity, Competition, and Toxin Production by Group I and IIMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Crystal Structures of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Structural Features ofToxins · 2022Article
- Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Neuron-recognizable characteristics of peptides recombined using a neuronal binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are synthesized by Clostridium botulinum and exist as seven immunologically distinct serotypes designated A through G. For most serotypes, several subtypes have now been described based on nominal differences in the amino acid sequences. BoNT/A1 is the most well-characterized subtype of the BoNT/A serotype, and many of its properties, including its potency, its prevalence as a food poison, and its utility as a pharmaceutical, have been thoroughly studied. In contrast, much remains unknown of the other BoNT/A subtypes. In this study, BoNT/A subtype 1 (BoNT/A1) to BoNT/A5 were characterized utilizing a mouse bioassay, an in vitro cleavage assay, and several neuronal cell-based assays. The data indicate that BoNT/A1 to -5 have distinct in vitro and in vivo toxicological properties and that, unlike those for BoNT/A1, the neuronal and mouse results for BoNT/A2 to -5 do not correlate with their enzymatic activity. These results indicate that BoNT/A1 to -5 have distinct characteristics, which are of importance for a greater understanding of botulism and for pharmaceutical applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.