ReviewImmunology2013
Toll-like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
Review in Immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of host lncRNAs that impact Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus TC-83 replication.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Honey Bee AMPs as a Novel Carrier Protein for the Development of a Subunit Vaccine: An Immunoinformatic Approach.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Key role of TLR3 in type I IFN expression and apoptosis induction in IBDV-infected chicken fibroblast cells.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Mygalin reduces inflammation by targeting TLR3 signaling pathway in macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Role of TLR3 rs3775291 Variant in West Nile Virus Infection: A Case-Control Study.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Unraveling the complexities of neurotropic virus infection and immune evasion.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Adverse Events and Immune Response in Psoriasis Patients Receiving Interleukin-17 Inhibitors.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2025Article
- Innate Immune Response to Powassan Virus Infection: Progress Toward Infection Control.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Microglia determine an immune-challenged environment and facilitate ibuprofen action in human retinal organoids.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Review of poly(I: C) as a Tool for Investigating Astrocytic TLR3 Signaling.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- Toll-like receptor 3: a double-edged sword.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Review
- Review
- Proteomics analysis of soluble secreted proteins ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Poly (I:C)-induced inflammation requires the activation of toll-like receptor 3/CaTheranostics · 2025Article
- Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Special Issue "The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Infection and Inflammation 2.0".International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Strong association of TLR2 and TLR3 polymorphisms with keratoacanthoma and common warts: a case-control study.Croatian medical journal · 2024Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Viral infections frequently induce acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet the contribution of the innate immune response to a detrimental host response remains poorly understood. In virus-infected cells, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is generated as an intermediate during viral replication. Cell necrosis (and the release of endogenous dsRNA) is a common event during both sterile and infectious inflammatory processes. The discovery of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) as an interferon-inducing dsRNA sensor led to the assumption that TLR3 was the master sentinel against viral infections. This simplistic view has been challenged by the discovery of at least three members of the DExd/H-box helicase cytosolic sensors of dsRNA that share with TLR3 the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) -adapter molecule TIR domain-containing adaptor protein interferon-β (TRIF) for downstream type I interferon signalling. Data are conflicting on the role of TLR3 in protective immunity against viruses in the mouse model. Varying susceptibility to infection and disease outcomes have been reported in TLR3-immunodeficient mice. Surprisingly, the susceptibility to develop herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis in humans with inborn defects of the TLR3 pathway varies, and TLR3-deficient humans do not show increased susceptibility to other viral infections. Therefore, a current challenge is to understand the protective versus pathogenic contribution of TLR3 in viral infections. We review recent advances in the identification of TLR3-signalling pathways, endogenous and virus-induced negative regulators of the TLR3 cascade, and discuss the protective versus pathogenic role of TLR3 in viral pathogenesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.