ArticleHepatology (Baltimore, Md.)2014
The effects of female sex, viral genotype, and IL28B genotype on spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus infection.
Article in Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 197 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
197 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 389 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of direct-acting antiviral regimens for acute HCV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2026Pooled it
- Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus and in Noncirrhosis Chronic Hepatitis C Patients With Sustained Virological Response: A Systematic Review.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Pooled it
- Correlation between IL-28 polymorphism and spontaneous clearance in HCV patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of virology · 2021Pooled it
- Hepatitis C Guidance 2019 Update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases-Infectious Diseases Society of America Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2020Guideline
- Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people with hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2019Pooled it
- Pharmacological interventions for acute hepatitis C infection.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Interleukin gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection: a meta-analysis.Journal of genetics · 2018Pooled it
- Characterizing hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Egypt: systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions.Scientific reports · 2018Pooled it
- Pharmacological interventions for acute hepatitis C infection: an attempted network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Higher incidence of HCV in females compared to males who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2017Pooled it
- Hepatitis C virus viremic rate in the Middle East and North Africa: Systematic synthesis, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Spontaneous viral clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV-positive men who have sex with men (HIV+ MSM): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Pooled it
- APASL consensus statements and recommendations for hepatitis C prevention, epidemiology, and laboratory testing.Hepatology international · 2016Guideline
- Recommendations for the management of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2015Guideline
- Randomized Trial of a Vaccine Regimen to Prevent Chronic HCV Infection.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Sex Differences in Long-Term Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- An immunocompetent murine model of virus-elicited liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal of hepatology · 2026Article
- Chronic hepatitis C infection status among HCV-Ab positive patients above 50 years old in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Implementation of a Hepatitis C Screening Program for At-Risk Former Soviet-Bloc Immigrants in a Large Health Maintenance Organization.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
137 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
unlabelledAlthough 20%-40% of persons with acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection demonstrate spontaneous clearance, the time course and factors associated with clearance remain poorly understood. We investigated the time to spontaneous clearance and predictors among participants with acute HCV using Cox proportional hazards analyses. Data for this analysis were drawn from an international collaboration of nine prospective cohorts evaluating outcomes after acute HCV infection. Among 632 participants with acute HCV, 35% were female, 82% were Caucasian, 49% had interleukin-28 (IL28)B CC genotype (rs12979860), 96% had injected drugs ever, 47% were infected with HCV genotype 1, and 7% had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Twenty-eight percent were HCV antibody negative/RNA positive at the time of acute HCV detection (early acute HCV). During follow-up, spontaneous clearance occurred in 173 of 632, and at 1 year after infection, 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21, 29) had cleared virus. Among those with clearance, the median time to clearance was 16.5 weeks (IQR: 10.5, 33.4), with 34%, 67%, and 83% demonstrating clearance at 3, 6, and 12 months. Adjusting for age, factors independently associated with time to spontaneous clearance included female sex (adjusted hazards ratio [AHR]: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.48, 3.18), IL28B CC genotype (versus CT/TT; AHR, 2.26; 95% CI: 1.52, 3.34), and HCV genotype 1 (versus non-genotype 1; AHR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.30). The effect of IL28B genotype and HCV genotype on spontaneous clearance was greater among females, compared to males.
conclusionsFemale sex, favorable IL28B genotype, and HCV genotype 1 are independent predictors of spontaneous clearance. Further research is required to elucidate the observed sex-based differences in HCV control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.