ArticleAmerican journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council
Prenatal and postnatal energetic conditions and sex steroids levels across the first year of life.
Article in American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Industrialization increases the estrogen-recycling capacity of the gut microbiome.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Mapping of Determinants of Urinary Sex Steroid Metabolites During Late Pregnancy: Results from Two Spanish Cohorts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Analysis and comparison of the burden of male breast cancer: differences between the global, China, India, and the United States.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding and ApoB in late adolescence: a Hong Kong birth cohort study.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Minimally invasive biomarkers in human and non-human primate evolutionary biology: Tools for understanding variation and adaptation.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2022Article
- Minipuberty in born small for gestational age infants: A case control prospective pilot study.Endocrine · 2022Article
- Greater male vulnerability to stunting? Evaluating sex differences in growth, pathways and biocultural mechanisms.Annals of human biology · 2021Article
- Maternal high-protein diet modulates hepatic growth axis in weaning piglets by reprogramming the IGFBP-3 gene.European journal of nutrition · 2020Article
- Milk- and solid-feeding practices and daycare attendance are associated with differences in bacterial diversity, predominant communities, and metabolic and immune function of the infant gut microbiome.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
objectivesHuman biologists have documented variability in reproductive maturation, fertility, and cancer risk related to developmental conditions. Yet no previous studies have directly examined the impact of prenatal and postnatal energetic environments on sex steroids in infancy, a critical period for hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis development. Thus, we examined the impact of maternal characteristics, birth size, and feeding practices on fecal sex steroid production in a longitudinal sample of 31 American infants followed from 2 weeks to 12 months of age.
methodsMaternal characteristics and birth size were collected at study enrollment, infant diet was assessed through weekly 24-h food diaries, and anthropometrics were measured weekly. Fecal estradiol and testosterone levels were assessed weekly using validated microassay RIA techniques. Mixed models were used to test for associations between maternal and birth characteristics, feeding practices, and sex steroids across the first year of life. Formal mediation analysis examined whether the relationship between infant feeding and hormone levels was mediated by infant size.
resultsMaternal and birth characteristics had persistent effects on fecal sex steroid levels, with taller maternal height and larger birth size associated with lower estradiol levels in girls and higher testosterone levels in boys. Infant diet was also associated with sex steroid levels independently of infant size. Formula feeding was associated with higher estradiol levels in boys and girls and with higher testosterone in girls.
conclusionThese results suggest that markers of early energy availability influence sex hormone levels with potential long-term consequences for reproductive development and function.
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