ArticleSexually transmitted infections2013
The villain team-up or how Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis alter innate immunity in concert.
Article in Sexually transmitted infections, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptor variants and cervical Atopobium vaginae infection in women with pelvic inflammatory disease.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2018Trial
- Effects of long-term weekly iron and folic acid supplementation on lower genital tract infection - a double blind, randomised controlled trial in Burkina Faso.BMC medicine · 2017Trial
- Characterization of vaginal lactobacilli from South African women toward the development of a biotherapeutic to optimize the vaginal microbiome.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Metabolic cooperation supports mutual growth between the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and dysbiotic vaginal bacteria.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Study of microbe-microbe interactions between the sexually transmitted parasitebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Chemotaxis and selective interactions ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Role of the Vaginal Microbiome in Gynecological Diseases: Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Interventions.Biology · 2026Review
- Recent Advances in Biology, Host and Microbe Interactions of the Human Sexually Transmitted ParasiteInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- An Evolutionarily Conserved Laterally Acquired Toolkit Enables Microbiota Targeting by Trichomonas.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Interactions between bacterial vaginosis-associated microbiota and Trichomonas vaginalis modulate parasite-induced pathogenicity and host immune responses.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Social, microbial, and immune factors linking bacterial vaginosis and infectious diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Trichomoniasis and Other Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Diseases in Women.Clinical obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Review
- Genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction analysis identifies bacterial vaginosis-associated metabolic interactions.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The prevalence trends of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women in Jingzhou, central of China, 2019-2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Effect of essential oils fromFrontiers in parasitology · 2025Article
- Cytokine concentration and T cell subsets in the female genital tract in the presence of bacterial vaginosis andFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Advancements in vaginal microbiota,Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2025Review
- Article
- Dynamic changes of Bacterial Microbiomes in Oropharynx during Infection and Recovery of COVID-19 Omicron Variant.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesComplex interactions of vaginal microorganisms with the genital tract epithelium shape mucosal innate immunity, which holds the key to sexual and reproductive health. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a microbiome-disturbance syndrome prevalent in reproductive-age women, occurs commonly in concert with trichomoniasis, and both are associated with increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes and viral infections, largely attributable to inflammation. To investigate the causative relationships among inflammation, BV and trichomoniasis, we established a model of human cervicovaginal epithelial cells colonised by vaginal Lactobacillus isolates, dominant in healthy women, and common BV species (Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia).
methodsColonised epithelia were infected with Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) or exposed to purified TV virulence factors (membrane lipophosphoglycan (LPG), its ceramide-phosphoinositol-glycan core (CPI-GC) or the endosymbiont Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV)), followed by assessment of bacterial colony-forming units, the mucosal anti-inflammatory microbicide secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and chemokines that drive pro-inflammatory, antigen-presenting and T cells.
resultsTV reduced colonisation by Lactobacillus but not by BV species, which were found inside epithelial cells. TV increased interleukin (IL)-8 and suppressed SLPI, likely via LPG/CPI-GC, and upregulated IL-8 and RANTES, likely via TVV as suggested by use of purified pathogenic determinants. BV species A vaginae and G vaginalis induced IL-8 and RANTES, and also amplified the pro-inflammatory responses to both LPG/CPI-GC and TVV, whereas P bivia suppressed the TV/TVV-induced chemokines.
conclusionsThese molecular host-parasite-endosymbiont-bacteria interactions explain epidemiological associations and suggest a revised paradigm for restoring vaginal immunity and preventing BV/TV-attributable inflammatory sequelae in women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.