Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23902783›Full record

Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2013

Serving a variety of vegetables and fruit as a snack increased intake in preschool children.

Liane S Roe, Jennifer S Meengs, Leann L Birch, Barbara J Rolls

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01557218 (Increasing the Variety of Vegetables and Fruits Served to Preschool Children at a Snack), which is not on this map. Cited by 46 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
46citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01557218 nacompletednot on this map

Increasing the Variety of Vegetables and Fruits Served to Preschool Children at a Snack

TypeinterventionalSponsorPenn State UniversityRan2011 to 2011Enrolled61ConditionsObesity, Feeding BehaviorsArmsCucumber snack, Pepper snack, Tomato snack, Vegetable variety snack, Apple snack
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

46 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  14. Article
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  16. Review
  17. From preschool to policy: A scoping review of recommended interventions for a systems approach to improve dietary intake in early childhood.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
    Article
  18. Observational
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Liane S RoeLaboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior and the Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. lsr7@psu.edu
Jennifer S Meengs
Leann L Birch
Barbara J Rolls

Funding

Strategies to Moderate Energy Intake for the Prevention of Obesity in ChildrenR01DK082580 · NIDDK · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI ROLLS, BARBARA JEAN · 2009 to 2019
$3.6M
NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK082580
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough serving a greater variety of food increases intake, this effect has not been well studied as a strategy to encourage consumption of vegetables and fruit in preschool children.

objectiveThis study examined whether providing a variety of familiar vegetables or fruit to preschool children as a snack would lead to increased selection and intake.

designIn a crossover design, 61 children (aged 3-5 y) ate a snack in their childcare facility on 8 afternoons. At 4 snack times, the children were offered vegetables: either a single type (cucumber, sweet pepper, or tomato) or a variety of all 3 types. At 4 other snack times, the children were offered fruit (apple, peach, pineapple, or all 3 types). Uniform-sized pieces were served family style, and children selected and ate as much as they desired.

resultsOffering a variety of vegetables or fruit increased the likelihood of selection (P < 0.0001); children chose some pieces in 94% of snacks with variety and in 70% of snacks without variety. Serving a variety also increased consumption of both vegetables and fruit (P < 0.0002); the mean (±SEM) increase was 31 ± 5 g, about one-sixth the recommended daily amount. Independent of the variety effect, children were less likely to select vegetables than fruit (P < 0.0001), and the mean intake was substantially less for vegetables than for fruit (22 ± 1 compared with 84 ± 3 g).

conclusionsProviding a variety of vegetables and fruit as a snack led to increased consumption of both food types in a childcare facility. Serving a variety of vegetables or fruit as a snack could help preschool children meet recommended intakes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01557218.

Indexed as

Child BehaviorEnergy IntakeFood PreferencesHealth BehaviorHealth PromotionSnacksChild Day Care CentersChild, PreschoolChoice BehaviorCross-Over StudiesDietFemaleFood ServicesFruitHumansMale

Identifiers

PMID23902783
PMCPMC3743731

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.