ArticleJournal of pain research2013
The influence of sex, race, and age on pain assessment and treatment decisions using virtual human technology: a cross-national comparison.
Article in Journal of pain research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virtual Human-Delivered Interviews for Patients With Chronic Pain: Feasibility, Acceptability, and a Pilot Randomized Trial of Standard Medical, Psychosocial, and Educational Interviews.Psychosomatic medicine · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Race and gender biases in assessing pain intensity and medication needs among Chinese observers.Pain reports · 2025Article
- Gender does not impact clinical outcomes following SLAP repair.Shoulder & elbow · 2023Article
- Confronting Racism in Pain Research: A Call to Action.The journal of pain · 2022Article
- Discordance between radiographic findings, pain, and superficial temperature in knee osteoarthritis.Reumatologia · 2020Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Patient-Reported Outcomes After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2019Article
- Pain Intensity And Attribution Mediate The Impact Of Patient Weight And Gender On Activity Recommendations For Chronic Pain.Journal of pain research · 2019Article
- Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2018Review
- Racial Differences in Chronic Pain and Quality of Life among Adolescents and Young Adults with Moderate or Severe Hemophilia.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2016Article
- The influence of health care professional characteristics on pain management decisions.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2015Article
- Gender-based differential management of acute low back pain in the emergency department: A survey based on a clinical vignette.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeStudies in the United States have found that patients' sex, race, and age influence the pain assessment and treatment decisions of laypeople and medical professionals. However, there is limited research as to whether people of other nationalities make pain management decisions differently based on demographic characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of the following study was to compare pain assessment and treatment decisions of undergraduate students in Jordan and the United States as a preliminary examination of nationality as a potential proxy for cultural differences in pain decisions.
methodsVirtual human (VH) technology was used to examine the influences of patients' sex (male or female), race (light-skinned or dark-skinned), and age (younger or older) on students' pain management decisions. Seventy-five American and 104 Jordanian undergraduate students participated in this web-based study.
resultsAmerican and Jordanian students rated pain intensity higher in females and older adults and were more likely to recommend medical help to these groups, relative to males and younger adults. Furthermore, Jordanian participants rated pain intensity higher and were more likely to recommend medical help for all patient demographic groups (ie, sex, race, age) than American participants.
conclusionThis is the first cross-national study that compares pain decisions between undergraduate students. The results suggest that sex, race, and age cues are used in pain assessment and treatment by both Americans and Jordanians, with Jordanians more likely to rate pain higher and recommend medical help to patients. Additional research is needed to determine the cultural determinants of these differences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.