ReviewPhysiological reviews2013
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action.
Review in Physiological reviews, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 402 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
402 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 850 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptome Alterations Caused by Social Defeat Stress of Various Durations in Mice and Its Relevance to Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Humans: A Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Transcriptional and Epigenetic Response to Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Hepatic metabolism of 11-oxygenated androgens in humans: an integrated in vivo and ex vivo approach.European journal of endocrinology · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetics-based identification of pseudoaldosterogenic compounds originating from Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots (Gancao) after dosing LianhuaQingwen capsule.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2021Trial
- Balancing inflammation under stress: glucocorticoid regulation of innate immune pathways.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Brain mineralocorticoid receptor activation and antagonism in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a hypothesis.European heart journal · 2026Article
- Mechanistic assessment of hepato-reproductive toxicity of Mentha pulegium L. essential oil in rats.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Targeting the aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor pathway in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Chronic Stress and the Brain-Kidney Axis in Renal Injury: From Neuroendocrine Dysregulation to Kidney Damage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Metabolic Complications in Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- In Silico Decoding of Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Binding: Implications for Drug Design.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2026Article
- Monogenic Kidney Disorders as Hidden Drivers of Electrolyte Imbalance and Hypertension.Electrolyte & blood pressure : E & BP · 2026Review
- Defining the potential role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in musculoskeletal health and bone crosstalk with other tissues.The Journal of endocrinology · 2026Review
- Article
- Hypercortisolism: An Under-Recognised Pathway Linked to Multi-System Complications.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Endogenous glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor signaling: Dual regulators of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy efficacy in the tumor microenvironment.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Glucocorticoid trajectories in preterm infants-born too soon, wired differently.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Hair cortisol-to-cortisone ratio and dental caries in adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis of glucocorticoid imbalance and caries prevalence.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Evidence of 11β-hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Protein Expression and Enzymatic Activity in the Adult Rat Brain.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Article
- From Berry to Bedside: Translational Potential of Berry-Derived Phytochemicals in HNSCC.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
342 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.