Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23897652›Full record

ReviewWiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine

Reprogramming cells and tissue patterning via bioelectrical pathways: molecular mechanisms and biomedical opportunities.

Michael Levin

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
72citing papers in PubMed
7.2field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

72 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Bioelectric state transitions enablebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  2. Electrical stimulation promotes longevity and regeneration in a colonial chordate.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
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  5. Article
  6. Exploring Ion Channel Magnetic Pharmacology: Are Magnetic Cues a Viable Alternative to Ion Channel Drugs?BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025
    Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
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  12. Biophysical control of plasticity and patterning in regeneration and cancer.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023
    Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
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  19. Review
  20. Cancer Niches and Their Kikuchi Free Energy.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021
    Article

12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.

Michael LevinDepartment of Biology, Tufts Center for Regenerative Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
Tufts University · US

Funding

Electrotherapeutic strategies for connective tissue repairR01AR061988 · NIAMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI HUNG, CLARK T., KAPLAN, DAVID L. · 2011 to 2015
$3.3M
Tissue Regeneration by Biophysical SignalingR01AR055993 · NIAMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI KAPLAN, DAVID L., LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2010 to 2018
$3.2M
Biophysical controls of vertebrate organ regenerationR01GM078484 · NIGMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2008 to 2011
$1.2M
Novel Mechanism of Induction of Eye Tissue: Katp Channel ModulationR01EY018168 · NEI · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2008 to 2010
$1.1M
Bioelectrical Controls of MorphogenesisR01GM077425 · NIGMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2007 to 2010
$1.1M
NEI NIH HHS EY018168NEI NIH HHS R01 EY018168NIAMS NIH HHS AR055993NIAMS NIH HHS AR061988NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR055993NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR061988NIGMS NIH HHS GM078484NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM077425NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM078484
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Transformative impact in regenerative medicine requires more than the reprogramming of individual cells: advances in repair strategies for birth defects or injuries, tumor normalization, and the construction of bioengineered organs and tissues all require the ability to control large-scale anatomical shape. Much recent work has focused on the transcriptional and biochemical regulation of cell behavior and morphogenesis. However, exciting new data reveal that bioelectrical properties of cells and their microenvironment exert a profound influence on cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Ion channels and pumps expressed in all cells, not just excitable nerve and muscle, establish resting potentials that vary across tissues and change with significant developmental events. Most importantly, the spatiotemporal gradients of these endogenous transmembrane voltage potentials (Vmem ) serve as instructive patterning cues for large-scale anatomy, providing organ identity, positional information, and prepattern template cues for morphogenesis. New genetic and pharmacological techniques for molecular modulation of bioelectric gradients in vivo have revealed the ability to initiate complex organogenesis, change tissue identity, and trigger regeneration of whole vertebrate appendages. A large segment of the spatial information processing that orchestrates individual cells' programs toward the anatomical needs of the host organism is electrical; this blurs the line between memory and decision-making in neural networks and morphogenesis in nonneural tissues. Advances in cracking this bioelectric code will enable the rational reprogramming of shape in whole tissues and organs, revolutionizing regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and synthetic bioengineering.

Indexed as

Congenital AbnormalitiesMembrane PotentialsNeoplasmsNerve NetOrganogenesisRegenerative MedicineAnimalsBioengineeringHumansIon ChannelsIon Channels

Identifiers

PMID23897652
PMCPMC3841289
OpenAlexW1927644290

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.