ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2013
Evaluation of immunogen delivery by DNA immunization using non-invasive bioluminescence imaging.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of the administration route and dose on the expression and antibody responses of a reporter and avian influenza self-amplifying mRNA vaccine in poultry.The veterinary quarterly · 2026Article
- Luciferase-induced immune activation prevents orthotopic K7M2luc osteosarcoma establishment in BALB/c mice.Radiology and oncology · 2026Article
- Efficacy of Plasmid DNA Delivery into Mice by Intradermal Injections Alone and Facilitated by Sonoporation or Electroporation.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Noninvasive in vivo imaging of macrophages: understanding tumor microenvironments and delivery of therapeutics.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Article
- Nucleic acid vaccines: innovations, efficacy, and applications in at-risk populations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Advances in Immunocompetent Mouse and Rat Models.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2024Review
- The Expression Kinetics and Immunogenicity of Lipid Nanoparticles Delivering Plasmid DNA and mRNA in Mice.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Efficient cancer modeling through CRISPR-Cas9/HDR-based somatic precision gene editing in mice.Science advances · 2023Article
- Optimization of In Vivo Electroporation Conditions and Delivery of DNA Vaccine Encoding SARS-CoV-2 RBD Using the Determined Protocol.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Both Enhance and Inhibit the Cellular Response to DNA Immunization by Genes of Nonstructural Proteins of the Hepatitis C Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Technological approaches to streamline vaccination schedules, progressing towards single-dose vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2020Review
- Article
- Comparative Profiling of Metastatic 4T1- vs. Non-metastatic Py230-Based Mammary Tumors in an Intraductal Model for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Codon optimization and improved delivery/immunization regimen enhance the immune response against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, preserving its Th2-polarity.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- DNA immunization site determines the level of gene expression and the magnitude, but not the type of the induced immune response.PloS one · 2018Article
- Luciferase Expression Allows Bioluminescence Imaging But Imposes Limitations on the Orthotopic Mouse (4T1) Model of Breast Cancer.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Preservation of tumor-host immune interactions with luciferase-tagged imaging in a murine model of ovarian cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2015Article
- DNA vaccination strategy targets epidermal dendritic cells, initiating their migration and induction of a host immune response.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The efficacy of DNA vaccines is highly dependent on the methods used for their delivery and the choice of delivery sites/targets for gene injection, pointing at the necessity of a strict control over the gene delivery process. Here, we have investigated the effect of the injection site on gene expression and immunogenicity in BALB/c mice, using as a model a weak gene immunogen, DNA encoding firefly luciferase (Luc) delivered by superficial or deep injection with subsequent electroporation (EP). Immunization was assessed by monitoring the in vivo expression of luciferase by 2D- and 3D-bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and by the end-point immunoassays. Anti-Luc antibodies were assessed by ELISA, and T-cell response by IFN-γ and IL-2 FluoroSpot in which mouse splenocytes were stimulated with Luc or a peptide representing its immunodominant CD8+ T-cell epitope GFQSMYTFV. Monitoring of immunization by BLI identified EP parameters supporting the highest Luc gene uptake and expression. Superficial injection of Luc DNA followed by optimal EP led to a low level Luc expression in the mouse skin, and triggered a CD8+ T-cell response characterized by the peptide-specific secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2, but no specific antibodies. Intramuscular gene delivery resulted in a several-fold higher Luc expression and anti-Luc antibody, but induced low IL-2 and virtually no specific IFN-γ. Photon flux from the sites of Luc gene injection was inversely proportional to the immune response against GFQSMYTFV (p<0.05). Thus, BLI permitted to control the accuracy of gene delivery and transfection with respect to the injection site as well as the parameters of electroporation. Further, it confirmed the critical role of the site of DNA administration for the type and magnitude of the vaccine-specific immune response. This argues for the use of luminescent reporters in the preclinical gene vaccine tests to monitor both gene delivery and the immune response development in live animals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.