ArticleJPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition2014
Nitrite and nitrate concentrations and metabolism in breast milk, infant formula, and parenteral nutrition.
Article in JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Total Nitrite and Nitrate Concentration in Human Milk and Saliva during the First 60 Days Postpartum-A Pilot Study.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Development of a Food Composition Database for Assessing Nitrate and Nitrite Intake from Animal-based Foods.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2022Article
- Nitrite in breast milk: roles in neonatal pathophysiology.Pediatric research · 2021Review
- Assessment of nitric oxide metabolites concentrations in plasma, saliva, and breast milk and their relationship in lactating women.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2021Article
- Airway nitrite is increased in extremely preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.Respiratory research · 2020Article
- The role of gasotransmitters in neonatal physiology.Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry · 2020Review
- Re-evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2017Article
- The Role of Mucosal Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2017Review
- Changes in plasma and urinary nitrite after birth in premature infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis.Pediatric research · 2016Article
- Nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitric oxide and ammonia by gut bacteria under physiological conditions.PloS one · 2015Article
- Dietary intake and bio-activation of nitrite and nitrate in newborn infants.Pediatric research · 2015Review
- Evidence-based feeding strategies before and after the development of necrotizing enterocolitis.Expert review of clinical immunology · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Dietary nitrate and nitrite are sources of gastric NO, which modulates blood flow, mucus production, and microbial flora. However, the intake and importance of these anions in infants is largely unknown. Nitrate and nitrite levels were measured in breast milk of mothers of preterm and term infants, infant formulas, and parenteral nutrition. Nitrite metabolism in breast milk was measured after freeze-thawing, at different temperatures, varying oxygen tensions, and after inhibition of potential nitrite-metabolizing enzymes. Nitrite concentrations averaged 0.07 ± 0.01 μM in milk of mothers of preterm infants, less than that of term infants (0.13 ± 0.02 μM) (P < .01). Nitrate concentrations averaged 13.6 ± 3.7 μM and 12.7 ± 4.9 μM, respectively. Nitrite and nitrate concentrations in infant formulas varied from undetectable to many-fold more than breast milk. Concentrations in parenteral nutrition were equivalent to or lower than those of breast milk. Freeze-thawing decreased nitrite concentration ~64%, falling with a half-life of 32 minutes at 37°C. The disappearance of nitrite was oxygen-dependent and prevented by ferricyanide and 3 inhibitors of lactoperoxidase. Nitrite concentrations in breast milk decrease with storage and freeze-thawing, a decline likely mediated by lactoperoxidase. Compared to adults, infants ingest relatively little nitrite and nitrate, which may be of importance in the modulation of blood flow and the bacterial flora of the infant GI tract, especially given the protective effects of swallowed nitrite.
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