ArticleBMC complementary and alternative medicine2013
Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 modulates cytotoxic effects of protopanaxadiol on different human cancer cells.
Article in BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- A review of pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetic of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- An update on schistosomicide and tumoricide in the future: arachidonic acid.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Review
- Protopanaxadiol Targeting Membrane Induces HepG2 Cell Apoptosis Via Raft-like Formation and Tubulation Disruption.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2024Article
- Cell surface sphingomyelin: key role in cancer initiation, progression, and immune evasion.Lipids in health and disease · 2021Review
- Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 and cardiometabolic diseases.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2021Review
- Lipid Membranes as Key Targets for the Pharmacological Actions of Ginsenosides.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Review
- UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase activates AKT, promoted proliferation, and doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2018Article
- Anticancer Activities of Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Type Ginsenosides and Their Metabolites.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2016Review
- The traditional Tibetan medicine Yukyung Karne exhibits a potent anti-metastatic activity by inhibiting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell migration.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2015Article
- Roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 in cellular and pathological processes.Advances in biological regulation · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSome of ginsenosides, root extracts from Panax ginseng, exert cytotoxicity against cancer cells through disruption of membrane subdomains called lipid rafts. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) exhibits the highest cytotoxic effect among 8 ginsenosides which we evaluated for anti-cancer activity. We investigated if PPD disrupts lipid rafts in its cytotoxic effects and also the possible mechanisms.
methodsEight ginsenosides were evaluated using different cancer cells and cell viability assays. The potent ginsenoside, PPD was investigated for its roles in lipid raft disruption and downstream pathways to apoptosis of cancer cells. Anti-cancer effects of PPD was also investigated in vivo using mouse xenograft model.
resultsPPD consistently exerts its potent cytotoxicity in 2 cell survival assays using 5 different cancer cell lines. PPD disrupts lipid rafts in different ways from methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) depleting cholesterol out of the subdomains, since lipid raft proteins were differentially modulated by the saponin. During disruption of lipid rafts, PPD activated neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase 2) hydrolyzing membrane sphingomyelins into pro-apoptotic intracellular ceramides. Furthermore, PPD demonstrated its anti-cancer activities against K562 tumor cells in mouse xenograft model, confirming its potential as an adjunct or chemotherapeutic agent by itself in vivo.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates that neutral sphingomyelinase 2 is responsible for the cytotoxicity of PPD through production of apoptotic ceramides from membrane sphingomyelins. Thus neutral sphingomyelinase 2 and its relevant mechanisms may potentially be employed in cancer chemotherapies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.