ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Teleost skin, an ancient mucosal surface that elicits gut-like immune responses.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 176 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
176 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 514 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptomic landscape of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) skin.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Pooled it
- Integrated Transcriptomic Analysis of Skin Pigmentation Development inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A Formalin-Inactivated Vaccine Enhances Survival and Mitigates Horizontal Transmission of Red Sea Bream Iridovirus (RSIV) in Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus): Insights From Viability Quantitative PCR.Journal of fish diseases · 2026Article
- Probiotics and Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) in Fish: Mechanism, Application and Future Perspectives.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Vaccination modality and injection site influence the immune response and protection against sea liceBiochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Novel function of Teleost skin: Antigen excretion across the epidermis mediated by secretory IgMFundamental research · 2026Article
- INHAND: Non-proliferative and proliferative lesions of fish - Chapter 7. Fish integumentary system.Journal of toxicologic pathology · 2026Article
- Back to basics: locally produced vaccines offer a practical alternative to antibiotics for prevention of streptococcosis in farmed tilapia (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic profiling and IgM and IgT repertoire dynamics in rainbow trout gills following primary and secondary challenge withFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Oral Vaccination withVaccines · 2025Article
- Newly discovered and conserved role of IgM against viral infection in an early vertebrate.eLife · 2025Article
- Characterization of B Cell Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Affected by Red Mark Syndrome.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Tertiary Lymphoid Organs at the Center Stage of Skin's Humoral Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Novel Adomaviruses Associated with Blotchy Bass Syndrome in Black Basses (bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Secretory IgM regulates gut microbiota homeostasis and metabolism.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Is Zebrafish a Good Model for the Alpha-Gal Syndrome?FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- The ecology and plasticity of fish skin and gill microbiomes: seeking what matters in health and disease.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- CCR7A defines a subpopulation of IgDFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- IgT and IgD dominance in the teleost central nervous system.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Novel adomaviruses associated with blotchy bass syndrome in black basses (Micropterus spp.).PloS one · 2025Article
116 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is critical to preserve animal integrity. Although the skin of most vertebrates is known to contain a skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), very little is known about skin B-cell responses as well as their evolutionary origins. Teleost fish represent the most ancient bony vertebrates containing a SALT. Due to its lack of keratinization, teleost skin possesses living epithelial cells in direct contact with the water medium. Interestingly, teleost SALT structurally resembles that of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and it possesses a diverse microbiota. Thus, we hypothesized that, because teleost SALT and gut-associated lymphoid tissue have probably been subjected to similar evolutionary selective forces, their B-cell responses would be analogous. Confirming this hypothesis, we show that IgT, a teleost immunoglobulin specialized in gut immunity, plays the prevailing role in skin mucosal immunity. We found that IgT(+) B cells represent the major B-cell subset in the skin epidermis and that IgT is mainly present in polymeric form in the skin mucus. Critically, we found that the majority of the skin microbiota are coated with IgT. Moreover, IgT responses against a skin parasite were mainly limited to the skin whereas IgM responses were almost exclusively detected in the serum. Strikingly, we found that the teleost skin mucosa showed key features of mammalian mucosal surfaces exhibiting a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Thus, from an evolutionary viewpoint, our findings suggest that, regardless of their phylogenetic origin and tissue localization, the chief immunoglobulins of all mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue operate under the guidance of primordially conserved principles.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.