ArticleDiabetology & metabolic syndrome2013
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glucose control in diabetes.
Article in Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in patient management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: an umbrella review of systematic reviews from 2011 to 2024.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Pooled it
- Continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetologia · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Collective Evidences Investigating the Effect of Diabetes Monitoring Systems and Their Application in Health Care.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Pooled it
- Cutaneous Complications With Continuous or Flash Glucose Monitoring Use: Systematic Review of Trials and Observational Studies.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2020Pooled it
- Utility of Real-Time and Retrospective Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of diabetes research · 2019Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy of Professional Continuous Glucose Monitoring in improving glycemic control among children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Open-label Randomized Control Trial.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Effect of prandial treatment timing adjustment, based on continuous glucose monitoring, in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled with once-daily basal insulin: A randomized, phase IV study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2018Trial
- Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Older Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Using Multiple Daily Injections of Insulin: Results From the DIAMOND Trial.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2017Trial
- Noninvasive measurement of glucose and lactate in thermoregulatory sweat in neonates and adults.Science advances · 2026Article
- Degradation-as-ignal: a digital-twin framework for disposable optical glucose sensing with lead-free perovskite-inspired films.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Expanding the Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Impact on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Health.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Continuous glucose monitoring remote monitoring does not meet the needs of all adult users: A qualitative study of adults with type 1 diabetes who do not use remote monitoring.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Article
- Structurally Engineered All-Polymeric Microneedle Sensor for Highly Sensitive and Real-Time Monitoring of Glucose in Interstitial Fluids.ACS sensors · 2025Article
- Article
- Real-time continuous glucose monitoring vs self-monitoring of blood glucose in distinct multi-ethnic cohorts of patients living with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes in the United States: A cost-utility analysis from a Medicare perspective.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2025Article
- Engineered single chain variable fragments (scFvs) with improved pH-dependent kinetics for use in continuous biosensor applications.RSC advances · 2025Article
- Deploying and Examining Beacon for At-Home Patient Self-Monitoring with Critical Flicker Frequency.Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. CHI Conference · 2025Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that necessitates continuing treatment and patient self-care education. Monitoring of blood glucose to near normal level without hypoglycemia becomes a challenge in the management of diabetes. Although self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) can provide daily monitoring of blood glucose level and help to adjust therapy, it cannot detect hypoglycemic unawareness and nocturnal hypoglycemia which occurred mostly in T1DM pediatrics. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers continuous glucose data every 5 minutes to adjust insulin therapy especially for T1DM patients and to monitor lifestyle intervention especially for T2DM patients by care providers or even patients themselves. The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycemic control in Type 1 diabetic pediatrics and Type 2 diabetic adults by collecting randomized controlled trials from MEDLINE (pubmed), SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library up to May 2013 and historical search through the reference lists of relevant articles. There are two types of CGM device: real-time CGM and retrospective CGM and both types of the device were included in the analysis. In T1DM pediatrics, CGM use was no more effective than SMBG in reducing HbA1c [mean difference - 0.13% (95% CI -0.38% to 0.11%,]. This effect was independent of HbA1c level at baseline. Subgroup analysis indicated that retrospective CGM was not superior to SMBG [mean difference -0.05% (95% CI -0.46% to 0.35%)]. In contrast, real-time CGM revealed better effect in lowering HbA1c level compared with SMBG [mean difference -0.18% (95% CI -0.35% to -0.02%, p = 0.02)]. In T2DM adults, significant reduction in HbA1c level was detected with CGM compared with SMBG [mean difference - 0.31% (95% CI -0.6% to -0.02%, p = 0.04)]. This systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that real-time CGM can be more effective than SMBG in T1DM pediatrics, though retrospective CGM was not. CGM provided better glycemic control in T2DM adults compared with SMBG.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.