ArticleFrontiers in systems neuroscience2013
The Ease of Language Understanding (ELU) model: theoretical, empirical, and clinical advances.
Article in Frontiers in systems neuroscience, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 453 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
453 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The effect of noise on listening effort in children as measured using different methods: a systematic review and meta-analyses.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Auditory Training on Cognition in Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.Journal of the American Academy of Audiology · 2025Pooled it
- Relationships Between Auditory Processing and Cognitive Abilities in Adults: A Systematic Review.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Hearing impairment and diverse health outcomes : An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of a structured auditory training module in older individuals with hearing loss: a randomized controlled trial.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Trial
- Normal speed versus time-compressed speech in long-term memory retention: a randomized, within subjects experimental design.BMC psychology · 2026Trial
- Increasing Motivation Increases Intelligibility Benefits of Perceptual Training in Dysarthria.American journal of speech-language pathology · 2025Trial
- Longitudinal adaptations in neural and behavioral systems following hearing restoration using cochlear implants.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Can Audiometric Configuration Predict Which Patients Derive Greater Speech Intelligibility Benefit from Hearing Aid Fitting?Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Linguistic information may compensate for age-related decline in attentional filtering.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Speech Perception in Noise: A Narrative Review of Cognitive Contribution and Hearing-Aid Signal Processing.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Review
- Distinct Roles of Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Speech-in-Noise Perception.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Effect of Speaking Rate and Sentence Context on Comprehension and Recognition Memory of Degraded Speech.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Review
- Association of self-reported hearing loss and tinnitus with brain structure and cognitive function: a population-based cross-sectional analysis from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Integrated digit-in-noise testing for hearing and cognitive screening.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Differential Cognitive Strategies for Speech-in-Noise Perception: A Comparative Study Between Yoga Practitioners and Non-practitioners.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- Exploring the relationship between auditory processing characteristics and cognition in preschool children with developmental language disorder based on fNIRS.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2026Article
- Hearing Loss, Cognitive Decline, and Dementia: Clinical Intersections.Audiology research · 2026Review
393 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Working memory is important for online language processing during conversation. We use it to maintain relevant information, to inhibit or ignore irrelevant information, and to attend to conversation selectively. Working memory helps us to keep track of and actively participate in conversation, including taking turns and following the gist. This paper examines the Ease of Language Understanding model (i.e., the ELU model, Rönnberg, 2003; Rönnberg et al., 2008) in light of new behavioral and neural findings concerning the role of working memory capacity (WMC) in uni-modal and bimodal language processing. The new ELU model is a meaning prediction system that depends on phonological and semantic interactions in rapid implicit and slower explicit processing mechanisms that both depend on WMC albeit in different ways. It is based on findings that address the relationship between WMC and (a) early attention processes in listening to speech, (b) signal processing in hearing aids and its effects on short-term memory, (c) inhibition of speech maskers and its effect on episodic long-term memory, (d) the effects of hearing impairment on episodic and semantic long-term memory, and finally, (e) listening effort. New predictions and clinical implications are outlined. Comparisons with other WMC and speech perception models are made.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.