ArticleAIDS care2014
Differences in testing, stigma, and perceived consequences of stigmatization among heterosexual men and women living with HIV in Bengaluru, India.
Article in AIDS care, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Social Determinants of Mental Health Outcomes Among Refugee Adolescents and Youth Living with HIV in Refugee Settlements in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- Association between stigma towards HIV and MSM and intimate partner violence among newly HIV-diagnosed Chinese men who have sex with men.BMC public health · 2020Trial
- Characterization of HIV-Related Stigma in Myanmar.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Evaluation of peer-to-peer HIV counseling in Myanmar: a measure of knowledge, adherence, and barriers.AIDS care · 2022Article
- Perceived Stigma and Its Association with Gender and Disclosure Status among People Living with HIV/AIDS and Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Clinics in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.AIDS research and treatment · 2022Review
- "Deadly", "fierce", "shameful": notions of antiretroviral therapy, stigma and masculinities intersecting men's life-course in Blantyre, Malawi.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Social Support, Food Insecurity, and HIV Stigma Among Men Living with HIV in Rural Southwestern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- The psychological distress and mental health disorders from COVID-19 stigmatization in Ghana.Social sciences & humanities open · 2021Article
- Gender Differences in Perceived Stigma and Coping Strategies Among People Living with HIV/AIDS at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia.Psychology research and behavior management · 2020Article
- "They Kept Away": Social Isolation of Cisgender Women Living with HIV in Hyderabad, India.Clinical social work journal · 2020Article
- Addressing Disease-Related Stigma During Infectious Disease Outbreaks.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness · 2019Article
- Multilevel model of stigma and barriers to cancer palliative care in India: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Household Food Insecurity as Mediator of the Association Between Internalized Stigma and Opportunistic Infections.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- The Role of HIV Stigma in ART Adherence and Quality of Life Among Rural Women Living with HIV in India.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- Association between internalized stigma and depression among HIV-positive persons entering into care in Southern India.Journal of global health · 2017Article
- Gendered aspects of perceived and internalized HIV-related stigma in China.Women & health · 2017Article
- Stigmas, symptom severity and perceived social support predict quality of life for PLHIV in urban Indian context.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2016Article
- Food Insecurity and Its Relation to Psychological Well-Being Among South Indian People Living with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2015Article
- Sexual and reproductive health and human rights of women living with HIV.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2015Article
- Addressing gender inequalities to improve the sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing of women living with HIV.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Approximately 2.4 million people in India are living with HIV. Gender inequality affects HIV prevention, detection, and management. The purpose of this paper was to describe gender differences in the experience of living with HIV in Bengaluru, India. A subsample of n = 313 (159 men and 154 women) from a larger cohort was used for these analyses. Participants were recruited through AIDS service organizations. They completed an interviewer-administered survey assessing HIV testing experience, types of stigma, and perceived consequences of stigmatization. The majority of men (67%) reported getting HIV tested because of illness, while women were more likely to be tested after learning their spouse's HIV-positive status (42%). More men (59%) than women (45%, p<0.05) were tested in private care settings. Men reported significantly higher mean levels of internalized stigma (men: M=0.71, SD = 0.63; women: M=0.46, SD = 0.55; p<0.001), whereas the women reported significantly higher scores for enacted stigma (men: M=1.30, SD = 1.69; women: M=2.10, SD = 2.17; p<0.001). These differences remained significant after controlling for potential socio-demographic covariates. Following their diagnosis, more women reported moving out of their homes (men: 16%; women: 26%; p<0.05). More men (89%) than women (66%; p<0.001) reported to have modified their sexual behavior after being diagnosed. These findings suggest that the experience of living with HIV and HIV stigma varies by gender in this population. Suggestions for a gender-based approach to HIV prevention and stigma reduction are provided.
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