Trial reportBreastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine2013
TGF-β2, a protective intestinal cytokine, is abundant in maternal human milk and human-derived fortifiers but not in donor human milk.
Trial report in Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review of the Effect of Enteral Feeding on Gut Microbiota in Preterm Infants.Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Implementing an exclusive human milk diet for preterm infants: real-world experience in diverse NICUs.BMC pediatrics · 2023Review
- Shaping infant development from the inside out: Bioactive factors in human milk.Seminars in perinatology · 2023Review
- Inherited nongenetic influences on the gut microbiome and immune system.Birth defects research · 2018Review
- Effect of HTST and Holder Pasteurization on the Concentration of Immunoglobulins, Growth Factors, and Hormones in Donor Human Milk.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Transforming growth factor-β2 is sequestered in preterm human milk by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2015Article
- Clinical applications of bioactive milk components.Nutrition reviews · 2015Review
- Article
- Cytokines, Chemokines, and Growth Factors in Banked Human Donor Milk for Preterm Infants.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2014Article
- Influence of Feeding Type on Gut Microbiome Development in Hospitalized Preterm Infants.Nursing researchArticle
- The Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Organ-specific Differentiation of Macrophages in the Developing Intestine.Newborn (Clarksville, Md.)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study compared cytokines (in particular transforming growth factor [TGF]-β2) and lactoferrin in maternal human milk (MHM), human-derived milk fortifier (HDMF), and donor human milk (DHM). MATERIALS AND
methodsMHM was randomly collected from breastfeeding mothers who had no infectious illness at the time of milk expression. HDMF and DHM were products derived from human milk processed by Holder pasteurization. MHM samples were collected at different times (early/late) and gestations (preterm/term). Lactoferrin was analyzed by western blotting, and cytokines were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Significance was determined using analysis of variance.
resultsIn the 164 samples analyzed, TGF-β2 concentrations in HDMF and preterm MHM (at all collection times) were fivefold higher than in DHM (p<0.05). Early preterm MHM had levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-18, 11-fold higher than DHM (p<0.05). IL-6 in DHM was 0.3% of the content found in MHM. IL-18 was fourfold higher in early MHM versus late MHM regardless of gestational age (p<0.05). Lactoferrin concentration in DHM was 6% of that found in MHM.
conclusionsPasteurization decreases concentrations of most cytokines and lactoferrin in DHM. TGF-β2, a protective intestinal cytokine, has comparable concentrations in HDMF to MHM despite pasteurization.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.