ArticleRetrovirology2013
Dysregulated Tim-3 expression on natural killer cells is associated with increased Galectin-9 levels in HIV-1 infection.
Article in Retrovirology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Article
- Clinical and experimental treatment of residual immune activation in people living with HIV.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoints in Endometriosis-A New Insight in the Pathogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The regulating role of galectin-9 in immune cell populations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Negative Regulation and Protective Function of Natural Killer Cells in HIV Infection: Two Sides of a Coin.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Examining the Impact of Galectin-9 on Latent HIV Transcription.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Glycan-Lectin Interactions in Cancer and Viral Infections and How to Disrupt Them.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Neutrophils promote T-cell activation through the regulated release of CD44-bound Galectin-9 from the cell surface during HIV infection.PLoS biology · 2021Article
- The TIM3/Gal9 signaling pathway: An emerging target for cancer immunotherapy.Cancer letters · 2021Article
- High Levels of TNF-α and TIM-3 as a Biomarker of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in People with HIV Infection.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The inhibitory receptor Tim-3 fails to suppress IFN-γ production via the NFAT pathway in NK-cell, unlike that in CD4BMC immunology · 2021Article
- Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Possible role of plasma Galectin-9 levels as a surrogate marker of viremia in HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.AIDS research and therapy · 2020Article
- Different Expression Pattern of TIM-3 and Galectin-9 Molecules by Peripheral and Peritoneal Lymphocytes in Women with and without Endometriosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- NK Cell-Based Immune Checkpoint Inhibition.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Associations Between Plasma Immunomodulatory and Inflammatory Mediators With VACS Index Scores Among Older HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Elevated Levels of Galectin-9 but Not Osteopontin in HIV and Tuberculosis Infections Indicate Their Roles in Detecting MTB Infection in HIV Infected Individuals.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Intracellular Galectin-9 Controls Dendritic Cell Function by Maintaining Plasma Membrane Rigidity.iScience · 2019Article
- Restriction of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Galectin-9.Journal of virology · 2019Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundNatural killer (NK) cells constitutively express high levels of Tim-3, an immunoregulatory molecule recently proposed to be a marker for mature and functional NK cells. Whether HIV-1 infection modulates the expression of Tim-3 on NK cells, or the levels of its ligand Galectin-9 (Gal-9), and how signaling through these molecules affects the NK cell response to HIV-1 remains inadequately understood.
resultsWe analyzed Tim-3 and Gal-9 expression in a cohort of 85 individuals with early and chronic HIV-1 infection, and in 13 HIV-1 seronegative control subjects. HIV-1 infection was associated with reduced expression of Tim-3 on NK cells, which was normalized by HAART. Plasma concentrations of Gal-9 were higher in HIV-1-infected individuals than in healthy individuals. Interestingly, Gal-9 expression in immune cells was significantly elevated in early infection, with monocytes and dendritic cells displaying the highest expression levels, which correlated with HIV-1 viral loads. In vitro, Gal-9 triggered Tim-3 downregulation on NK cells as well as NK cell activation.
conclusionsOur data suggest that high expression levels of Gal-9 during early HIV-1 infection can lead to enhanced NK cell activity, possibly allowing for improved early control of HIV-1. In contrast, persistent Gal-9 production might impair Tim-3 activity and contribute to NK cell dysfunction in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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