ArticlePloS one2013
Effects of sodium butyrate and its synthetic amide derivative on liver inflammation and glucose tolerance in an animal model of steatosis induced by high fat diet.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of microbiota derived metabolites in modulating diabetic inflammation: a systematic review.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of sodium butyrate in improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Fatty acid composition but not quantity is an important indicator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Mechanistic insights into the pleiotropic effects of butyrate as a potential therapeutic agent on NAFLD management: A systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Expression of PGC-1α, PPAR-α and UCP1 genes, metabolic and anthropometric factors in response to sodium butyrate supplementation in patients with obesity: a triple-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Therapeutic Effects of Butyrate on Pediatric Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- The Multifaceted Roles of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Literature Review.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota and Atherosclerosis: Integrative Multi-Omics and Mechanistic Insights.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Epigenetic orchestrator and drug enhancer: dual roles of butyrate in regulating post-translational modification and optimizing therapeutic delivery.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- A prometabolite strategy inhibits cardiometabolic disease in an ApoE-/- murine model of atherosclerosis.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Article
- Microbiota in Gut-Heart Axis: Metabolites and Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease.Comprehensive physiology · 2025Review
- Gut Dysbiosis in Infertile Patients with Persistent Male Accessory Gland Infection.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Microbiota, mitochondria, and epigenetics in health and disease: converging pathways to solve the puzzle.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2025Review
- Gestational Inulin Supplementation in Low-/High-Fat Sow Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Meat Quality of Offspring Pigs.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Butyrate improves testicular spermatogenic dysfunction induced by a high-fat diet.Translational andrology and urology · 2025Article
- The impact of butyrate on glycemic control in animals and humans: a comprehensive semi-systemic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of gut microbiota-derived bioactive compounds in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Butyric acid ameliorates PCOS-related reproductive dysfunction through gut-brain-ovary axis signaling and ovarian steroidogenic factor activation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Sodium Butyrate, A Gut Microbiota Derived Metabolite in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review.Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease. Insulin resistance (IR) appears to be critical in its pathogenesis. We evaluated the effects of sodium butyrate (butyrate) and its synthetic derivative N-(1-carbamoyl-2-phenyl-ethyl) butyramide (FBA) in a rat model of insulin resistance and steatosis induced by high-fat diet (HFD).
methodsAfter weaning, young male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups receiving different diets for 6 weeks: 1. control group (standard diet); 2. HFD; 3. HFD plus butyrate (20 mg/kg/die) and 4. HFD plus FBA (42.5 mg/Kg/die, the equimolecular dose of butyrate). Liver tissues of the rats were analyzed by Western blot and real-time PCR. Insulin resistance, liver inflammation and Toll-like pattern modifications were determined.
resultsEvaluation of these two preparations of butyrate showed a reduction of liver steatosis and inflammation in HFD fed animals. The compounds showed a similar potency in the normalisation of several variables, such as transaminases, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index, and glucose tolerance. Both treatments significantly reduced hepatic TNF-α expression and restored GLUTs and PPARs, either in liver or adipose tissue. Finally, FBA showed a higher potency in reducing pro-inflammatory parameters in the liver, via suppression of Toll-like receptors and NF-κB activation.
conclusionsOur results demonstrated a protective effect of butyrate in limiting molecular events underlying the onset of IR and NAFLD, suggesting a potential clinical relevance for this substance. In particular, its derivative, FBA, could represent an alternative therapeutic option to sodium butyrate, sharing a comparable efficacy, but a better palatability and compliance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.