ArticlePloS one2013
Immune modulation by different types of β2→1-fructans is toll-like receptor dependent.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 199 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
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- Inulin-Type Fructan Supplementation of 3- to 6-Year-Old Children Is Associated with Higher Fecal Bifidobacterium Concentrations and Fewer Febrile Episodes Requiring Medical Attention.The Journal of nutrition · 2018Trial
- Immunomodulatory Function of Soluble Dietary Fiber: Toward Application for Prevention and Treatment of Food Allergies.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- Dietary fibre promotes chronic gut parasite infection via direct and time-dependent modulation of innate immunity.Microbiome · 2026Article
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- Impact of Dietary Fiber on Inflammation in Humans.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
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- Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review.International journal of biological macromolecules · 2024Review
- Exopolysaccharide β-(2,6)-levan-type fructans have a molecular-weight-dependent modulatory effect on Toll-like receptor signalling.Food & function · 2024Article
- The Networked Interaction between Probiotics and Intestine in Health and Disease: A Promising Success Story.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Supplementing maternal diet with milk oligosaccharides and probiotics helps develop the immune system and intestinal flora of offsprings.Food science & nutrition · 2023Article
- Review
- Differential Effects of Oligosaccharides, Antioxidants, Amino Acids and PUFAs on Heat/Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial Injury in a Caco-2/HT-29 Co-Culture Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Recent Research and Application Prospect of Functional Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Disease Treatment.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
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- The Giardial Arginine Deiminase Participates inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Structural Characterization and In-Vitro Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharide Fractions Isolated fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionβ2→1-fructans are dietary fibers. Main objectives of this study were 1) to demonstrate direct signalling of β2→1-fructans on immune cells, 2) to study whether this is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing proteins (NODs), and 3) to relate the observed effects to the chain length differences in β2→1-fructans.
methodsFour different β2→1-fructan formulations were characterised for their chain length profile. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in vitro with β2→1-fructans, and production of IL-1Ra, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-α was analysed. Reporter cells for TLRs and NODs were incubated with β2→1-fructans and analysed for NF-κB/AP-1 activation.
resultsCytokine production in human PBMCs was dose- and chain length-dependent. Strikingly, short chain enriched β2→1-fructans induced a regulatory cytokine balance compared to long chain enriched β2→1-fructans as measured by IL-10/IL-12 ratios. Activation of reporter cells showed that signalling was highly dependent on TLRs and their adapter, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88). In human embryonic kidney reporter cells, TLR2 was prominently activated, while TLR4, 5, 7, 8, and NOD2 were mildly activated.
conclusionsβ2→1-fructans possess direct signalling capacity on human immune cells. By activating primarily TLR2, and to a lesser extent TLR4, 5, 7, 8, and NOD2, β2→1-fructan stimulation results in NF-κB/AP-1 activation. Chain length of β2→1-fructans is important for the induced activation pattern and IL-10/IL-12 ratios.
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