ArticleALTEX2013
Look back in anger - what clinical studies tell us about preclinical work.
Article in ALTEX, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- Organ-on-a-Chip Devices to Simulate the Dentin-Pulp Complex: A Qualitative Systematic Review.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Pooled it
- Advances in Engineering Human Tissue Models.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Pooled it
- Heat Shock Protein Inhibitor Tanespimycin (17AAG) Suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Activity and Is More Potent Than Clinically Approved Antiviral Nirmatrelvir.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026Article
- FXR and BET signaling orchestrate to protect β cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Metabolic licensing at the dendritic cell-NK cells immune synapse in viral asthma exacerbations.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Dual Nature of Mitochondrial Integrated Stress Response: Molecular Switches from Protection to Pathology.Genes · 2025Review
- Embryoid Body Test: A Simple and Reliable Alternative Developmental Toxicity Test.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Stem Cell-Associated Proteins and Extracellular Matrix Composition of the Human Atrioventricular Junction.Cells · 2024Article
- Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in Three-Dimensional Models: A New Tool for Addressing the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis as a Prototype of Fibrotic Vasculopathies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Three-dimensional, PEG-based hydrogels induce spheroid formation and enhance viability of A2058 melanoma cells.FEBS open bio · 2023Article
- mTOR Inhibitors Modulate the Physical Properties of 3D Spheroids Derived from H9c2 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Role of tumor microenvironment in cancer progression and therapeutic strategy.Cancer medicine · 2023Review
- A New Strategy for Animal Research: Attending to Dissent.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- The Role of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Basal Ganglia Neurodegenerative Disorders.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Clarifying the Ethics and Oversight of Chimeric Research.The Hastings Center report · 2022Article
- The Natural Products Withaferin A and Withanone from the Medicinal HerbJournal of natural products · 2022Article
- An insight into the iPSCs-derived two-dimensional culture and three-dimensional organoid models for neurodegenerative disorders.Interface focus · 2022Review
- Replacement of animal testing by integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA): a call for in vivitrosi.Archives of toxicology · 2022Review
- A Change of Heart: Human Cardiac Tissue Engineering as a Platform for Drug Development.Current cardiology reports · 2022Review
- Rapid Detection of Direct Compound Toxicity and Trailing Detection of Indirect Cell Metabolite Toxicity in a 96-Well Fluidic Culture Device for Cell-Based Screening Environments: Tactics in Six Sigma Quality Control Charts.Applied sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
unlabelledMisled by animal studies and basic research? Whenever we take a closer look at the outcome of clinical trials in a field such as, most recently, stroke or septic shock, we see how limited the value of our preclinical models was. For all indications, 95% of drugs that enter clinical trials do not make it to the market, despite all promise of the (animal) models used to develop them. Drug development has started already to decrease its reliance on animal models: In Europe, for example, despite increasing R&D expenditure, animal use by pharmaceutical companies dropped by more than 25% from 2005 to 2008. In vitro studies are likewise limited: questionable cell authenticity, over-passaging, mycoplasma infections, and lack of differentiation as well as non-homeostatic and non-physiologic culture conditions endanger the relevance of these models. The standards of statistics and reporting often are poor, further impairing reliability. Alarming studies from industry show miserable reproducibility of landmark studies. This paper discusses factors contributing to the lack of reproducibility and relevance of pre-clinical research. THE
conclusionPublish less but of better quality and do not rely on the face value of animal studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.