Trial reportProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Gene expression profiles in febrile children with defined viral and bacterial infection.
Trial report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcript host-RNA signatures to discriminate bacterial and viral infections in febrile children.Pediatric research · 2022Pooled it
- Biomarkers for Diagnosing Febrile Illness in Immunocompromised Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Integrated, Multi-cohort Analysis Identifies Conserved Transcriptional Signatures across Multiple Respiratory Viruses.Immunity · 2015Pooled it
- The Feasibility of Host Transcriptome Profiling as a Diagnostic Tool for Microbial Etiology in Childhood Cancer Patients with Febrile Neutropenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Trial
- The host transcriptional response to real-world cryptococcosis in the setting of advanced HIV disease defines dysregulated immune responses that underlie increased vulnerability to infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Exploratory study on blood and urine transcriptomes for identifying miRNA biomarkers in pediatric febrile bacterial and viral infections.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Host gene expression analysis in the detection of bacterial and viral etiology in children hospitalized with a suspected severe infection.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Analysis of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Gene Response Patterns in Patients Receiving Phage Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- A four-gene signature from blood to exclude bacterial etiology of lower respiratory tract infection in adults.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A Four-Gene Signature from Blood to Exclude Bacterial Etiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults.Research square · 2025Article
- A two-transcript classifier model of host genes for discrimination of bacterial from viral infection in ulcerative colitis with opportunistic infections: a discovery and validation study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Development of a host-signature-based machine learning model to diagnose bacterial and viral infections in febrile children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- HHV-6B detection and host gene expression implicate HHV-6B as pulmonary pathogen after hematopoietic cell transplant.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The Applicability of a 2-Transcript Signature to Identify Bacterial Infections in Children with Febrile Neutropenia.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Novel Host Response-Based Diagnostics to Differentiate the Etiology of Fever in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- A robust host-response-based signature distinguishes bacterial and viral infections across diverse global populations.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Article
- An automated DNA computing platform for rapid etiological diagnostics.Science advances · 2022Article
- Cytokine Storm-Definition, Causes, and Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Viral infections are common causes of fever without an apparent source in young children. Despite absence of bacterial infection, many febrile children are treated with antibiotics. Virus and bacteria interact with different pattern recognition receptors in circulating blood leukocytes, triggering specific host transcriptional programs mediating immune response. Therefore, unique transcriptional signatures may be defined that discriminate viral from bacterial causes of fever without an apparent source. Gene expression microarray analyses were conducted on blood samples from 30 febrile children positive for adenovirus, human herpesvirus 6, or enterovirus infection or with acute bacterial infection and 22 afebrile controls. Blood leukocyte transcriptional profiles clearly distinguished virus-positive febrile children from both virus-negative afebrile controls and afebrile children with the same viruses present in the febrile children. Virus-specific gene expression profiles could be defined. The IFN signaling pathway was uniquely activated in febrile children with viral infection, whereas the integrin signaling pathway was uniquely activated in children with bacterial infection. Transcriptional profiles classified febrile children with viral or bacterial infection with better accuracy than white blood cell count in the blood. Similarly accurate classification was shown with data from an independent study using different microarray platforms. Our results support the paradigm of using host response to define the etiology of childhood infections. This approach could be an important supplement to highly sensitive tests that detect the presence of a possible pathogen but do not address its pathogenic role in the patient being evaluated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.