ArticlePLoS pathogens2013
Mosaic VSGs and the scale of Trypanosoma brucei antigenic variation.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Targets of the human antibody response to the variant surface glycoprotein ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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- Advances in the Immunology of the Host-Parasite Interactions in African Trypanosomosis, including Single-Cell Transcriptomics.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Decoding the impact of nuclear organization on antigenic variation in parasites.Nature microbiology · 2023Review
- Competition among variants is predictable and contributes to the antigenic variation dynamics of African trypanosomes.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
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- Shared Mechanisms for Mutually Exclusive Expression and Antigenic Variation by Protozoan Parasites.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- DNA double strand break position leads to distinct gene expression changes and regulates VSG switching pathway choice.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Raman spectroscopic analysis of skin as a diagnostic tool for Human African Trypanosomiasis.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- African Trypanosomosis Obliterates DTPa Vaccine-Induced Functional Memory So That Post-TreatmentVaccines · 2021Article
- Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
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- The MRN complex promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination and restrains antigenic variation in African trypanosomes.Nucleic acids research · 2021Article
- May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- DNA Double-Strand Breaks: A Double-Edged Sword for Trypanosomatids.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Repeat-Driven Generation of Antigenic Diversity in a Major Human Pathogen,Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A main determinant of prolonged Trypanosoma brucei infection and transmission and success of the parasite is the interplay between host acquired immunity and antigenic variation of the parasite variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat. About 0.1% of trypanosome divisions produce a switch to a different VSG through differential expression of an archive of hundreds of silent VSG genes and pseudogenes, but the patterns and extent of the trypanosome diversity phenotype, particularly in chronic infection, are unclear. We applied longitudinal VSG cDNA sequencing to estimate variant richness and test whether pseudogenes contribute to antigenic variation. We show that individual growth peaks can contain at least 15 distinct variants, are estimated computationally to comprise many more, and that antigenically distinct 'mosaic' VSGs arise from segmental gene conversion between donor VSG genes or pseudogenes. The potential for trypanosome antigenic variation is probably much greater than VSG archive size; mosaic VSGs are core to antigenic variation and chronic infection.
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