ArticlePloS one2013
West Nile virus infection in American Robins: new insights on dose response.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Not all West Nile virus lineages behave alike: dose-response differences between lineages 1 and 2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Fine-scale heterogeneity and local amplification of West Nile virus in urban environments in Berlin.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A pegivirus associated with encephalitis in red-legged partridges shows neurotropism across avian species.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Modeling Phenological and Physiological Responses to Climate Warming in a Hypothetical Migratory Songbird-Mosquito System.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- The emergence of NY10: insights into the 2012 West Nile Virus outbreak in the United States.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Modeling West Nile Virus transmission in birds and humans: Advantages of using a cellular automata approach.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2024Article
- Intracellular Diversity of WNV within Circulating Avian Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Reveals Host-Dependent Patterns of Polyinfection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Intracellular diversity of WNV within circulating avian peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals host-dependent patterns of polyinfection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Quantifying Rift Valley fever virus transmission efficiency in a lamb-mosquito-lamb model.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Epidemic versus endemic West Nile virus dead bird surveillance in California: Changes in sensitivity and focus.PloS one · 2023Article
- Optimal immune specificity at the intersection of host life history and parasite epidemiology.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Pathogenesis and shedding of Usutu virus in juvenile chickens.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Flavivirus Persistence in Wildlife Populations.Viruses · 2021Review
- Reservoir hosts experiencing food stress alter transmission dynamics for a zoonotic pathogen.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Sensitivity of Quails (Coturnix coturnix), Siskins (Carduelis spinus), and Frogs (Rana ridibunda) to West Nile Virus.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2021Article
- A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Experimental Usutu Virus Infection in Domestic CanariesViruses · 2020Article
- Comparative Pathology of West Nile Virus in Humans and Non-Human Animals.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Impact of West Nile Virus on Bird Populations: Limited Lasting Effects, Evidence for Recovery, and Gaps in Our Understanding of Impacts on Ecosystems.Journal of medical entomology · 2019Review
- Linking Bird and Mosquito Data to Assess Spatiotemporal West Nile Virus Risk in Humans.EcoHealth · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a vector-borne pathogen that was first detected in the United States in 1999. The natural transmission cycle of WNV involves mosquito vectors and avian hosts, which vary in their competency to transmit the virus. American robins are an abundant backyard species in the United States and appear to have an important role in the amplification and dissemination of WNV. In this study we examine the response of American robins to infection with various WNV doses within the range of those administered by some natural mosquito vectors. Thirty American robins were assigned a WNV dosage treatment and needle inoculated with 10(0.95) PFU, 10(1.26) PFU, 10(2.15) PFU, or 10(3.15) PFU. Serum samples were tested for the presence of infectious WNV and/or antibodies, while oral swabs were tested for the presence of WNV RNA. Five of the 30 (17%) robins had neutralizing antibodies to WNV prior to the experiment and none developed viremia or shed WNV RNA. The proportion of WNV-seronegative birds that became viremic after WNV inoculation increased in a dose dependent manner. At the lowest dose, only 40% (2/5) of the inoculated birds developed productive infections while at the highest dose, 100% (7/7) of the birds became viremic. Oral shedding of WNV RNA followed a similar trend where robins inoculated with the lower two doses were less likely to shed viral RNA (25%) than robins inoculated with one of the higher doses (92%). Viremia titers and morbidity did not increase in a dose dependent manner; only two birds succumbed to infection and, interestingly, both were inoculated with the lowest dose of WNV. It is clear that the disease ecology of WNV is a complex interplay of hosts, vectors, and viral dose delivered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.