ArticleMolecular pharmaceutics2013
17β-estradiol eye drops protect the retinal ganglion cell layer and preserve visual function in an in vivo model of glaucoma.
Article in Molecular pharmaceutics, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-based differences in ocular trauma: a systematic review with narrative synthesis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Retinal proteomics in neurodegeneration: Insights into ocular and brain disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- From Fabrication to Function: Scalable Spray-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Films for Drug Delivery in Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bypassing Androgens: Retina-Targeted 17β-Estradiol Delivery via DHED Eye Drops Ameliorates Orchiectomy-Induced Shifts in the Male Rat Visual Cortex Proteome.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of Orchiectomy on Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Male Rat Retina: A Proteomic Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Retina-Targeted 17β-Estradiol by the DHED Prodrug Rescues Visual Function and Actuates Neuroprotective Protein Networks After Optic Nerve Crush in a Rat Model of Surgical Menopause.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Late-onset Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and antiandrogens for prostate cancer: is there a causative link?Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Role of Gonadal Steroid Hormones in the Eye: Therapeutic Implications.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Was Associated With Later Age of Onset Among Glaucoma Cases.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Association of Age of Menopause and Glaucoma Diagnosis in Female Veterans.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Molecular pathways in experimental glaucoma models.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Proteomics-Based Identification of Retinal Protein Networks Impacted by Elevated Intraocular Pressure in the Hypertonic Saline Injection Model of Experimental Glaucoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Etiology of Idiopathic Macular Holes in the Light of Estrogen Hormone.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
- Mass spectrometry-based retina proteomics.Mass spectrometry reviews · 2023Review
- Evidence for Menopause as a Sex-Specific Risk Factor for Glaucoma.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Review
- Article
- Sex Hormones and Their Effects on Ocular Disorders and Pathophysiology: Current Aspects and Our Experience.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Girl Power in Glaucoma: The Role of Estrogen in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2022Review
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neuroprotection in glaucoma as a curative strategy complementary to current therapies to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) is highly desirable. This study was designed to investigate neuroprotection by 17β-estradiol (E2) to prevent retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in a glaucoma model of surgically elevated IOP in rats. We found that daily treatment with E2-containing eye drops resulted in significant E2 concentration in the retina with concomitant profound neuroprotective therapeutic benefits, even in the presence of continually elevated IOP. The number of apoptotic cells in the RGC layer was significantly decreased in the E2-treated group, when compared to the vehicle-treated controls. Deterioration in visual acuity in these animals was also markedly prevented. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, beneficial changes in the expression of several proteins implicated in the maintenance of retinal health were also found in the retina of E2-treated animals. On the other hand, systemic side effects could not be avoided with the eye drops, as confirmed by the measured high circulating estrogen levels and through the assessment of the uterus representing a typical hormone-sensitive peripheral organ. Collectively, the demonstrated significant neuroprotective effect of topical E2 in the selected animal model of glaucoma provides a clear rationale for further studies aiming at targeting E2 into the eye while avoiding systemic E2 exposure to diminish undesirable off-target side effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.