ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Rapid evolution of the human gut virome.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 353 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
353 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 628 citations in OpenAlex.
- The virome in early life and childhood and development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Reviews in medical virology · 2021Pooled it
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Shotgun Metagenomic Profiling of the Gut Virome in Prodromal and Confirmed Parkinson's Disease.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Review
- Impact of phage enrichment on the observed infant gut phageome.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Global genomic diversity of temperate P2-like viruses.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Animal-associated jumbo phages as widespread and active modulators of gut microbiome ecology and metabolism.Science advances · 2026Article
- Viral communities from long-term anaerobic alkane-oxidizing enrichment cultures encode predicted cell surface adhesion functions.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Sustained in situ protein production and release in the mammalian gut by an engineered bacteriophage.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Article
- The Zoetrope effect in phage evolution.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Harnessing phages in the age of antibiotic resistance: immunological perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Filamentous bacteriophages: impact on prokaryotic virulence, eukaryotic immunity, and implications for phage therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Temperature seasonality constrains soil T4-like bacteriophage abundance at large spatial scale.Environmental microbiome · 2025Article
- Effects of bacteriophages on gut microbiome functionality.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Discarded diversity: novel megaphages, auxiliary metabolic genes, and virally encoded CRISPR-Cas systems in landfills.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Novel Bacteroides bacteriophage-like quantitative real-time PCR assays for human sewage pollution measurement.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2025Article
- Prophage regulation ofeLife · 2025Article
- Gut Virome and Aging: Phage-Driven Microbial Stability and Immune Modulation.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Antibiotic Resistance in the Oral Microbiota: Mechanisms, Drivers, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
293 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Humans are colonized by immense populations of viruses, which metagenomic analysis shows are mostly unique to each individual. To investigate the origin and evolution of the human gut virome, we analyzed the viral community of one adult individual over 2.5 y by extremely deep metagenomic sequencing (56 billion bases of purified viral sequence from 24 longitudinal fecal samples). After assembly, 478 well-determined contigs could be identified, which are inferred to correspond mostly to previously unstudied bacteriophage genomes. Fully 80% of these types persisted throughout the duration of the 2.5-y study, indicating long-term global stability. Mechanisms of base substitution, rates of accumulation, and the amount of variation varied among viral types. Temperate phages showed relatively lower mutation rates, consistent with replication by accurate bacterial DNA polymerases in the integrated prophage state. In contrast, Microviridae, which are lytic bacteriophages with single-stranded circular DNA genomes, showed high substitution rates (>10(-5) per nucleotide each day), so that sequence divergence over the 2.5-y period studied approached values sufficient to distinguish new viral species. Longitudinal changes also were associated with diversity-generating retroelements and virus-encoded Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats arrays. We infer that the extreme interpersonal diversity of human gut viruses derives from two sources, persistence of a small portion of the global virome within the gut of each individual and rapid evolution of some long-term virome members.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.