Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23836575›Full record

Trial reportThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2013

Access to waterless hand sanitizer improves student hand hygiene behavior in primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya.

Amy J Pickering, Jennifer Davis, Annalise G Blum, Jenna Scalmanini, Beryl Oyier, George Okoth, Robert F Breiman, Pavani K Ram

Open access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
3.7field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Hand-washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021
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  7. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
    Pooled it
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  10. Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Amy J PickeringCivil and Environmental Engineering and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. amyjanel@stanford.edu
Jennifer Davis
Annalise G Blum
Jenna Scalmanini
Beryl Oyier
George Okoth
Robert F Breiman
Pavani K Ram
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · KEKenya Medical Research Institute · KEStanford University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Handwashing is difficult in settings with limited resources and water access. In primary schools within urban Kibera, Kenya, we investigated the impact of providing waterless hand sanitizer on student hand hygiene behavior. Two schools received a waterless hand sanitizer intervention, two schools received a handwashing with soap intervention, and two schools received no intervention. Hand cleaning behavior after toilet use was monitored for 2 months using structured observation. Hand cleaning after toileting was 82% at sanitizer schools (N = 2,507 toileting events), 38% at soap schools (N = 3,429), and 37% at control schools (N = 2,797). Students at sanitizer schools were 23% less likely to have observed rhinorrhea than control students (P = 0.02); reductions in student-reported gastrointestinal and respiratory illness symptoms were not statistically significant. Providing waterless hand sanitizer markedly increased student hand cleaning after toilet use, whereas the soap intervention did not. Waterless hand sanitizer may be a promising option to improve student hand cleansing behavior, particularly in schools with limited water access.

Indexed as

SchoolsStudentsAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolHand DisinfectionHealth PromotionHumansKenyaLogistic ModelsSelf ReportSoapsSoaps

Identifiers

PMID23836575
PMCPMC3771275
OpenAlexW1976035934

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.