ArticleDiabetes care2013
Sleep characteristics, mental health, and diabetes risk: a prospective study of U.S. military service members in the Millennium Cohort Study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sleep features and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Shift Work and Early Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of a Cohort Study on the Association between Sleep Duration and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of diabetes research · 2021Pooled it
- Sleep Duration/Quality With Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Prospective Studies.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Sedentary behaviors and anxiety among children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2019Pooled it
- Depression and Anxiety Screens as Simultaneous Predictors of 10-Year Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults in Primary Care.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2017Trial
- Mechanisms Linking Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- The mediating role of remnant cholesterol in the association between obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes: insights from two independent datasets.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Longitudinal association of quality of life and health behaviors with service member readiness.PloS one · 2026Article
- Associations of diet composition and quality with continuous glucose monitor-derived glycemic metrics in a community-based cohort.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Mental stress and the risks of metabolic syndrome and related components in military personnel: CHIEF cohort study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Gender-specific association between snoring and total sleep duration with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural adults.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2024Article
- Sleep health among US Navy afloat versus ashore personnel in the Millennium Cohort Study.Journal of sleep research · 2024Article
- Sleeplessness and incident diabetes above the Arctic circle: a secondary analysis of cohort data from the Tromsø Study.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Longitudinal association of health behaviors and health-related quality of life with military spouse readiness.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Quantifying the contribution of 31 risk factors to the increasing prevalence of diabetes among US adults, 2005-2018.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Article
- The Development, Implementation, and Feasibility of a Circadian, Light, and Sleep Skills Program for Shipboard Military Personnel (CLASS-SM).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Depression and Sleep Disturbance as Inter-Related Risk Factors of Diabetes.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2022Article
- Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Profile on Nocturnal Metabolism, Sleep, and Wellbeing: A Review.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveResearch has suggested that a higher risk of type 2 diabetes associated with sleep characteristics exists. However, studies have not thoroughly assessed the potential confounding effects of mental health conditions associated with alterations in sleep. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe prospectively assessed the association between sleep characteristics and self-reported incident diabetes among Millennium Cohort Study participants prospectively followed over a 6-year time period. Surveys are administered approximately every 3 years and collect self-reported data on demographics, height, weight, lifestyle, features of military service, sleep, clinician-diagnosed diabetes, and mental health conditions assessed by the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire and the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. Statistical methods for longitudinal data were used for data analysis.
resultsWe studied 47,093 participants (mean 34.9 years of age; mean BMI 26.0 kg/m2; 25.6% female). During 6 years of follow-up, 871 incident diabetes cases occurred (annual incidence 3.6/1,000 person-years). In univariate analyses, incident diabetes was significantly more likely among participants with self-reported trouble sleeping, sleep duration<6 h, and sleep apnea. Participants reporting incident diabetes were also significantly older, of nonwhite race, of higher BMI, less likely to have been deployed, and more likely to have reported baseline symptoms of panic, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. After adjusting for covariates, trouble sleeping (odds ratio 1.21 [95% CI 1.03-1.42]) and sleep apnea (1.78 [1.39-2.28]) were significantly and independently related to incident diabetes.
conclusionsTrouble sleeping and sleep apnea predict diabetes risk independent of mental health conditions and other diabetes risk factors.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.