ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2013
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier after generalized tonic-clonic seizures correlates with cerebrospinal fluid MMP-9 levels.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular matrix remodelling in neurological diseases.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Biomarkers associated with blood-brain interface regulation and relationships to exercise and epilepsy: a brief review.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Review
- The Evolving Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes in Epilepsy Management: From Bench to Bedside.Stem cells international · 2026Review
- The Role of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Epilepsy: Mechanisms and Consequences.Neurology international · 2025Review
- Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 in hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Restoring brain barriers: an innovative approach for treating neurological disorders.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
- Sevoflurane versus propofol on immediate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass: a comparative analysis.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Article
- Review
- Meta-analysis of MMP-9 levels in the serum of patients with epilepsy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Evaluation of the covariation between leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, and hematologic inflammatory parameters in a canine pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Altered Extracellular Matrix as an Alternative Risk Factor for Epileptogenicity in Brain Tumors.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Evaluation of IL-10, IFN-γ, and thiol-disulfide homeostasis in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Article
- Soluble TREM2 is a potential biomarker for the severity of primary angiitis of the CNS.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- The role of neutrophils in the dysfunction of central nervous system barriers.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Induction of interferon response by high viral loads at early stage infection may protect against severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- TNF-Alpha as an Initiator of Allodynia and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in a Preclinical Model of PTSD and Comorbid Pain.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Review
- Matrix metalloproteinases in the CNS: interferons get nervous.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2019Review
- MMPs in learning and memory and neuropsychiatric disorders.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2019Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIncreasing evidence suggests seizures cause blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction including decreased seizure threshold and higher onset potential of future seizures. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB damage in seizures remains poorly understood. Evidence in human and animal models shows BBB disruption is associated with activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after cerebral ischemia and inflammation. The objective of this study was to determine whether MMP-9 concentrations in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) are associated with BBB disruption in patients after epileptic seizures.
methodsThirty-one patients with generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures were included in the study: 20 had recurrent GTC seizures (RS), and 11 had a single GTC seizure (SS) episode. Twenty-five adult non-seizure patients were used as controls. CSF samples were collected by lumbar puncture within 24 h after seizure cessation (range: 3-15 h, mean 6.2 h). CSF MMP-9 levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MMP enzyme activity was measured by gelatin zymography. The CSF/serum albumin ratio (albumin quotient, QAlb) was used as a measure of blood-brain barrier permeability.
resultsWe found significantly higher CSF MMP-9 concentrations in seizure patients compared with controls (P < 0.001). CSF MMP-9 levels and QAlb values were higher in RS patients compared with SS and controls. Moreover, CSF MMP-9 concentration showed strong correlation between QAlb values (r = 0.76, P < 0.0001) and between CSF leukocyte counts (r = 0.77, P < 0.0001) in patients after seizures. Gelatin zymography showed MMP-9 proteolytic activity only in GTC seizure patients.
conclusionsOur results suggest MMP-9 plays a role in BBB dysfunction, characterized by invasion of leukocytes into the CSF during seizures.
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