ArticleAMB Express2013
Bacillus subtilis natto: a non-toxic source of poly-γ-glutamic acid that could be used as a cryoprotectant for probiotic bacteria.
Article in AMB Express, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Natto: A medicinal and edible food with health function.Chinese herbal medicines · 2023Review
- Optimizing the Fermentation Conditions ofEvidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2023Article
- Formulation of water-dispersible hydrophobic compound nanocomplexes with polypeptidesRSC advances · 2022Article
- Review
- Genetic and metabolic engineering for poly-γ-glutamic acid production: current progress, challenges, and prospects.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2022Review
- Effects of Amendments and Indigenous Microorganisms on the Growth and Cd and Pb Uptake of Coriander (Toxics · 2022Article
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- Preclinical Safety Assessment ofMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Pathogenic potential of bacteria isolated from commercial biostimulants.Archives of microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Natural bio-based monomers for biomedical applications: a review.Biomaterials research · 2021Review
- Production and stability of a multi-strainBiotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- Poly-Gamma-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA)-Based Encapsulation of Adenovirus to Evade Neutralizing Antibodies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Solution scattering study of the Bacillus subtilis PgdS enzyme involved in poly-γ-glutamic acids degradation.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It is common practice to freeze dry probiotic bacteria to improve their shelf life. However, the freeze drying process itself can be detrimental to their viability. The viability of probiotics could be maintained if they are administered within a microbially produced biodegradable polymer - poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) - matrix. Although the antifreeze activity of γ-PGA is well known, it has not been used for maintaining the viability of probiotic bacteria during freeze drying. The aim of this study was to test the effect of γ-PGA (produced by B. subtilis natto ATCC 15245) on the viability of probiotic bacteria during freeze drying and to test the toxigenic potential of B. subtilis natto. 10% γ-PGA was found to protect Lactobacillus paracasei significantly better than 10% sucrose, whereas it showed comparable cryoprotectant activity to sucrose when it was used to protect Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Although γ-PGA is known to be non-toxic, it is crucial to ascertain the toxigenic potential of its source, B. subtilis natto. Presence of six genes that are known to encode for toxins were investigated: three component hemolysin (hbl D/A), three component non-haemolytic enterotoxin (nheB), B. cereus enterotoxin T (bceT), enterotoxin FM (entFM), sphingomyelinase (sph) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase (piplc). From our investigations, none of these six genes were present in B. subtilis natto. Moreover, haemolytic and lecithinase activities were found to be absent. Our work contributes a biodegradable polymer from a non-toxic source for the cryoprotection of probiotic bacteria, thus improving their survival during the manufacturing process.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.