ArticleBiochimica et biophysica acta2013
Zar1 represses translation in Xenopus oocytes and binds to the TCS in maternal mRNAs with different characteristics than Zar2.
Article in Biochimica et biophysica acta, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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22 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Translational repression by 4E-T is crucial to maintain the prophase-I arrest in vertebrate oocytes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Decoding protein phosphorylation during oocyte meiotic divisions using phosphoproteomics.eLife · 2025Article
- ZAR1 and ZAR2 orchestrate the dynamics of maternal mRNA polyadenylation during mouse oocyte development.Genome biology · 2025Article
- The fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) has an XY sex chromosome system with polymorphic inversions on both X and Y chromosomes.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- ZAR1/2-Regulated Epigenetic Modifications are Essential for Age-Associated Oocyte Quality Maintenance and Zygotic Activation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Characterization of Two Gonadal Genes, zar1 and wt1b, in Hermaphroditic Fish Asian Seabass (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- RNA binding proteins are potential novel biomarkers of egg quality in yellow catfish.BMC genomics · 2023Article
- Sex Lethal Gene Manipulates Gonadal Development of Medaka,International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Revisiting ZAR proteins: the understudied regulator of female fertility and beyond.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Review
- Epigenetic therapy of novel tumour suppressor ZAR1 and its cancer biomarker function.Clinical epigenetics · 2019Article
- ZAR1 and ZAR2 are required for oocyte meiotic maturation by regulating the maternal transcriptome and mRNA translational activation.Nucleic acids research · 2019Article
- Maternal variants inJournal of medical genetics · 2018Article
- Acquisition of oocyte competence to develop as an embryo: integrated nuclear and cytoplasmic events.Human reproduction update · 2018Review
- Phosphorylation Dynamics Dominate the Regulated Proteome during Early Xenopus Development.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- ZAR1 knockdown promotes the differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells by suppression of MYCN expression.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2017Article
- Insertion of inter-domain linkers improves expression and bioactivity of Zygote arrest (Zar) fusion proteins.Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS · 2017Article
- Cloning and expression analysis of zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) in New Zealand white rabbits.Journal of genetics · 2017Article
- ZAR1 is a novel epigenetically inactivated tumour suppressor in lung cancer.Clinical epigenetics · 2017Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Maternal mRNAs are translationally regulated during early development. Zar1 and its closely related homolog, Zar2, are both crucial in early development. Xenopus laevis Zygote arrest 2 (Zar2) binds to the Translational Control Sequence (TCS) in maternal mRNAs and regulates translation. The molecular mechanism of Zar1 has not been described. Here we report similarities and differences between Xenopus Zar1 and Zar2. Analysis of Zar sequences in vertebrates revealed two Zar family members with conserved, characteristic amino acid differences in the C-terminal domain. The presence of only two vertebrate Zar proteins was supported by analyzing Zar1 synteny. We propose that the criteria for naming Zar sequences are based on the characteristic amino acids and the chromosomal context. We also propose reclassification of some Zar sequences. We found that Zar1 is expressed throughout oogenesis and is stable during oocyte maturation. The N-terminal domain of Zar1 repressed translation of a reporter construct in immature oocytes. Both Zar1 and Zar2 bound to the TCS in the Wee1 and Mos 3' UTRs using a zinc finger in the C-terminal domain. However, Zar1 had much higher affinity for RNA than Zar2. To show the functional significance of the conserved amino acid substitutions, these residues in Zar2 were mutated to those found in Zar1. We show that these residues contributed to the different RNA binding characteristics of Zar1 compared to Zar2. Our study shows that Zar proteins have generally similar molecular functions in the translational regulation of maternal mRNAs, but they may have different roles in early development.
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