ArticlePloS one2013
Life expectancy and death by diseases of the circulatory system in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in the Nordic countries.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 306 citations in OpenAlex.
- All-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with bipolar disorder: a large-scale systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Diagnostic overshadowing: An evolutionary concept analysis on the misattribution of physical symptoms to pre-existing psychological illnesses.International journal of mental health nursing · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of premature mortality in bipolar affective disorder.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2015Pooled it
- Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2014Pooled it
- Implementation of a lifestyle intervention for people with a severe mental illness (SMILE): a process evaluation.BMC health services research · 2022Trial
- The impact of exercise training complementary to early intervention in patients with first-episode psychosis: a qualitative sub-study from a randomized controlled feasibility trial.BMC psychiatry · 2019Trial
- QTc prolongation in short-term treatment of schizophrenia patients: effects of different antipsychotics and genetic factors.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2018Trial
- The dynamic influence of exercise on emotional state among people with a history of mood disorder.Psychiatry research · 2026Article
- Aging in Schizophrenia: Clinical, Biological, and Psychosocial Perspectives.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- FOR-HEALTH: study protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility trial of Structured Health Dialogues to improve lifestyle habits and metabolic health in forensic psychiatric inpatients.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2026Article
- Association between psychiatric comorbidities and the pharmacological secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease - an analysis of real-world health insurance prescription data in Germany.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Psycho-cardiovascular interaction network in cardiovascular health and disease: signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Potential for Genomics to Help Guide Preventive Strategies in Psychiatry.JAMA psychiatry · 2026Article
- Time Trends in Excess Mortality Among Individuals With Bipolar Disorder in Finland, 2000-2023: A Nationwide Register Study.Bipolar disorders · 2026Article
- Divergent Patterns of Genetic Overlap Between Severe Mental Disorders and Metabolic Markers.The American journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Mental health and kidney disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- The impact of a national exercise intervention on lifestyle habits among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from the FitForLife intervention study.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance in Bipolar Disorder: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Effects of Physical Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The FitForLife National Intervention in Sweden.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Self-harming behavior linked to earlier onset of cardiovascular disease in severe mental disorders.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveExcess mortality from diseases and medical conditions (natural death) in persons with psychiatric disorders has been extensively reported. Even in the Nordic countries with well-developed welfare systems, register based studies find evidence of an excess mortality. In recent years, cardiac mortality and death by diseases of the circulatory system has seen a decline in all the Nordic countries, but a recent paper indicates that women and men in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, who had been hospitalised for a psychotic disorder, had a two to three-fold increased risk of dying from a cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to compare the mortality by diseases of the circulatory system among patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in the three Nordic countries Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. Furthermore, the aim was to examine and compare life expectancy among these patients. Cause specific Standardized Mortality Rates (SMRs) were calculated for each specific subgroup of mortality. Life expectancy was calculated using Wiesler's method.
resultsThe SMR for bipolar disorder for diseases of the circulatory system was approximately 2 in all countries and both sexes. SMR was slightly higher for people with schizophrenia for both genders and in all countries, except for men in Denmark. Overall life expectancy was much lower among persons with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, with life expectancy being from 11 to 20 years shorter.
conclusionOur data show that persons in the Nordic countries with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder have a substantially reduced life expectancy. An evaluation of the reasons for these increased mortality rates should be prioritized when planning healthcare in the coming years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.